The development of nitrogen fertilizer green and efficient application technology by exploring the mechanism of efficient sorghum N use is important for sustainable development of sorghum industry as well as barren marginal land development and utilization. This study was conducted in 2018, 2019, and 2020 at Shenyang, China, using the nitrogen-efficient sorghum variety Liaonian No. 3 as material. The correlation between soil microbial species, diversity, and metabolic pathways with photosynthetic parameters and yield traits was analyzed to elucidate the mechanisms of nitrogen utilization and photosynthetic material production in sorghum under four fertilizer application patterns. The results showed that 17 populations of soil inter-root microorganisms were active in the organic fertilizer + 0 kg per hm²of nitrogen (N0Y) model, and the abundance of two key populations, Comamonadaceae and Ellin5301, was significantly increased. Soil microorganisms regulated sorghum growth mainly through 30 pathways, focus including ko00540, ko00471, ko00072 and ko00550, of which ko02030 (Bacterial chemotaxis) and ko00072 (Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies) played the most critical role. The functional analysis of soil microbial populations revealed that N0Y fertilizer model significantly reduced the intracellular trafficking, secretion. In addition, vesicular transport of microorganisms, amino acid transport and metabolism and nucleotide transport and metabolism played a key role in the regulation of population function. Overall, the N0Y model of N-efficient sorghum can achieve high levels of photosynthetic material production and higher yield formation through regulation of population activities and metabolic pathways of loamy microorganisms, resulting in reduced chemical N application and efficient green production of sorghum.

Drought stress is one of the most critical abiotic stresses restricting global crop production, and sorghum plays an important role in arid and semi-arid areas due to its inherent drought tolerance compared to many other cereals. However, significant variation in drought tolerance exists among different sorghum genotypes, which provides an opportunity to dissect the underlying mechanisms. In this study, a drought-tolerant sorghum line (LNR-6) and a drought-sensitive line (LR-2381) were used for comparative analysis. Plants were grown under two water regimes: well-watered conditions (CK, soil water content maintained at 40%) and drought stress (soil water content reduced to 24%). Integrated transcriptomic and non-targeted metabolomic analyses were conducted to investigate the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying sorghum drought tolerance. Phenotypic analysis showed that drought stress significantly reduced plant height and chlorophyll content in the drought-sensitive genotype, whereas the drought-tolerant genotype showed only minor changes. Transcriptome analysis identified several enriched functional categories of differentially expressed genes between the two genotypes under drought stress. Among them, genes associated with limonene and pinene degradation, photosynthesis, and photosynthesis-antenna proteins were significantly enriched and may be involved in drought-response regulation. Metabolomic analysis revealed significant accumulation of flavonoids and phenylpropanoids under drought conditions. KEGG pathway enrichment further indicated that flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were the most significantly enriched metabolic pathways. Overall, these findings enhance our understanding of the coordinated transcriptional and metabolic responses underlying drought tolerance in sorghum.

Slightly saline–alkali soils represent an important but underutilized land resource in northern China, and optimizing planting patterns is essential for improving sorghum productivity under such marginal conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of wide–narrow row spacing combined with different planting densities on the canopy structure, photosynthetic performance, and grain yield of brewing sorghum. A field experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2024 at the Yulin Experimental Station in Shaanxi Province, China, using the brewing sorghum cultivar Liaonuo 16. Four planting treatments were established: wide–narrow row spacing (80/60 cm) with three planting densities (105,000, 112,500, and 120,000 plants ha⁻¹) and uniform row spacing (60 cm) with 112,500 plants ha⁻¹ as the control. Wide–narrow row spacing combined with higher planting density significantly improved canopy structure and light interception. The treatment with 120,000 plants ha⁻¹ increased light interception in the middle and lower canopy layers during flowering and grain filling by 8.7% and 25.58%, respectively, and enhanced total canopy light interception by 3.33% and 1.96%. Moreover, the leaf area index and photosynthetic capacity were improved, resulting in a 10.1% increase in grain yield compared with the uniform row spacing treatment. Wide–narrow row spacing combined with a planting density of 120,000 plants ha⁻¹ effectively optimizes canopy structure and enhances sorghum productivity in slightly saline–alkali soils, providing a practical cultivation strategy for improving resource use efficiency in marginal farmlands.