Background/Aim: Anastomotic stricture following choledochojejunostomy (CJS) is largely driven by fibrotic remodeling at the anastomotic site, a process mediated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling. This problem is particularly relevant in emergency biliary surgery, where CJS is frequently performed under suboptimal conditions and anastomotic leakage is common, predisposing to exaggerated fibrosis and late strictures. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the TGF-β type I receptor (ALK5) inhibitor EW-7197 (vactosertib) on histopathological parameters of anastomotic healing, with a particular focus on fibrosis, in a rat CJS model. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar Albino rats were randomized into three groups (n = 8 each): control (G1), CJS only (G2), and CJS plus EW-7197 (G3). EW-7197 was administered as a single intraperitoneal dose (20 mg/kg) immediately after completion of the anastomosis. On postoperative day 21, choledochojejunal anastomotic tissues were harvested and evaluated histologically using hematoxylin–eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining. Edema, hyperemia, inflammation, and fibrosis were graded using a semi-quantitative scoring system, and intergroup comparisons were performed using non-parametric statistical tests. Results: Compared with surgery alone, EW-7197 treatment resulted in a statistically significant reduction in fibrosis severity at the anastomotic site (p < 0.001) and a significant attenuation of hyperemia (p = 0.007). Edema scores showed a downward trend in the EW-7197-treated group but did not reach statistical significance, while inflammation scores did not differ significantly between the surgical groups. Conclusions: In this experimental rat choledochojejunostomy model, administration of the selective ALK5 inhibitor EW-7197 significantly reduced histopathological fibrosis and hyperemia at the anastomotic site on postoperative day 21 without affecting inflammation severity. These findings support the role of the TGF-β/Smad pathway in bilioenteric anastomotic fibrotic remodeling. However, further studies including molecular validation and functional assessments are required to clarify the translational relevance of these results.

Objectives: Demographic features of subjects, such as body mass index, height, weight, age, or sex, may affect diameters of vessels such as the splenic artery (SA) and splenic vein (SV). Some studies use alternative anatomical indicators, including the body of the first lumbar vertebra (L1), to improve standardization in the assessment of vascular pathologies. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between splenic vessel diameters (SA and SV) and L1 using abdominopelvic computed tomography images obtained from individuals aged 1–80 years. Methods: Radiologic images of 800 subjects were included in the examination. Proximal (SA1 and SV1), middle (SA2 and SV2) and distal (SA3 and SV3) calibers of SA and SV were measured. Ratios of vessel calibers to the transverse diameter of the body of L1 (L1TD) were calculated. Results: Age had a clear influence on the diameters of SA and SV. SV1 showed a steady increase until the early fifties, followed by a decline beginning in the seventies. Both SV2 and SV3 enlarged until the early twenties, after which no significant variation was observed. SA1, SA2, and SA3 gradually increased from 1 year of age through the early fifties, but demonstrated a statistically significant reduction at older ages. The ratios of SA and SV diameters to L1TD were highest during the first decade of life and dropped markedly in the second decade. Following this period, these ratios generally tended to rise initially and then decline with further aging. Conclusions: This study provides age-specific CT-based reference values for SA and SV diameters and their ratios to the L1 vertebral body. Since L1 is readily identifiable on routine computed tomography, these ratios may provide a practical complementary anatomical reference. Further studies are warranted to validate their clinical applicability.

Objective: The inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) is an important component of the portal venous system; however, normative developmental data during childhood remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate age- and sex-related changes in IMV caliber using contrast-enhanced computed tomography in a pediatric population. Methods: Radiologic images of 200 subjects aged 1–20 years were included in the examination. Terminal (IMV1), intermediate (IMV2), and pelvic (IMV3) calibers of the IMV were measured. Ratios of vessel calibers to the transverse diameter of the first lumbar vertebral body (L1TD) were calculated. In addition, the drainage pattern of the IMV was recorded. Results: L1TD, IMV1, IMV2, and IMV3 demonstrated significant age-related changes (p < 0.001). All IMV calibers increased from infancy to the postpubescent period. Among the calculated ratios, IMV1/L1TD and IMV3/L1TD demonstrated significant age-related variation (p < 0.05), whereas IMV2/L1TD remained relatively stable throughout childhood and adolescence (p > 0.05). No significant sex-related differences were observed for most parameters, although IMV3 was significantly greater in males than in females (p = 0.043). The splenic vein was the most common termination site of the IMV (47.5%), followed by the superior mesenteric vein (29.5%) and the splenomesenteric confluence (23.0%). Conclusions: The present study provides normative age-specific values for IMV caliber and IMV-to-L1TD ratios in the pediatric population. These data may facilitate the radiological assessment of IMV-related abnormalities and provide a practical reference for routine computed tomography evaluation of the pediatric mesentericoportal venous system.

Amaç: Meme kanseri dünyada ve ülkemizde kadınlar arasında en sık görülen ve ölüme en sık neden olan kanser türüdür. Tarama programları ile erken tanının mümkün olduğu ve mortalitesinin düşürülebildiği bilinmektedir. Tarama programlarının içerisinde risk skorları önemli yer tutar, dünyada en sık kullanılan risk tahmin modelleri ise Gail risk tahmin modeli ve NSABP’dir. Çalışmamızda Gail risk tahmin modelinin meme kanseri nedeniyle ameliyat edilen hastaların ne kadarını öngörebildiği, meme kanserinin hangi subtiplerinde öngörülebilirliğin daha fazla olduğu ve bu hasta gruplarında risk tahmin modeliyle birlikte hangi ek faktörlere dikkat edilerek prognoz, sağkalım ve erken tanı oranını arttırmanın mümkün olduğunu araştırmayı amaçladık. Materyal ve Metot: Retrospektif kohort çalışması olarak düzenlenen çalışmaya XXX Hastanesinde Ocak 2013-Ocak 2020 tarihleri arasında meme kanseri tanısı ile ameliyat edilen 191 hasta dâhil edildi. Hastaların bilgileri hastane otomasyon sistemi, Sağlık Bakanlığı veri tabanı (e-nabız) ve hastane arşivinden derlendi. Bulgular: Çalışmaya dâhil edilen hastaların ortalama yaşı 55 (26-84) olarak bulundu. 191 hastadan 4’ü (%2.1) 35 yaş altı, 187’ü (%97.9) 35 yaş üstüydü. Gail risk tahmin modeli risk skorlarına göre baktığımızda; yaş, meme kanseri olan birinci derece akraba sayısı, daha önce meme biyopsi yaptırmak meme kanserini öngörmede anlamlı etkisi olan kriterlerdi (p0.05). Sonuç: Meme kanserinde tarama programları içerisinde yer alan risk tahmin modelleri, hastaların risk derecelerini ortaya konulmasında ve tarama sıklığının belirlenmesinde önemli bir araçtır. Gail risk tahmin modeli sıklıkla kullanılan risk modellerindendir. Günümüzde meme kanseri taraması için fizik muayeneye ek olarak görüntüleme yöntemleri kullanılsa da hastadan alınan hikâye ile de basit çıkarımlar yapılarak riskli bireyler belirlenebilir

Background:Intrathyroidal parathyroid glands represent a rare anatomical variant and are recognized as a potential risk factor for incidental parathyroidectomy during thyroid surgery. Their intraoperative identification is challenging due to their atypical localization.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on 4,231 thyroid surgeries conducted at a single center between January 2015 and December 2025. Patients with histopathologically confirmed intrathyroidal parathyroid tissue were included. Demographic data, type of surgery, histopathological findings, and pre- and postoperative serum calcium and PTH levels were evaluated. Postoperative hypocalcemia resolving within six months was defined as transient, whereas persistent hypocalcemia beyond six months was considered permanent.Results:Intrathyroidal parathyroid tissue was incidentally excised in 19 patients, corresponding to an incidence of 0.45%. All affected patients were female, with a mean age of 28.6 ± 11.4 years. Histopathological examination demonstrated that the majority of excised parathyroid glands were structurally normal. Transient hypocalcemia occurred in three patients (15.8%) and resolved within six months. No cases of permanent hypocalcemia were observed. No statistically significant changes were detected in postoperative calcium or PTH levels.Conclusion:Intrathyroidal parathyroid glands are an uncommon anatomical variant that may be incidentally excised during thyroid surgery. In this series, their removal was not associated with permanent hypocalcemia. These findings highlight the importance of anatomical variability in the evaluation of incidental parathyroidectomy and postoperative biochemical outcomes.