Neuromorphic electronics draw attention as innovative approaches that facilitate hardware implementation of next‐generation artificial intelligent system including neuromorphic in‐memory computing, artificial sensory perception, and humanoid robotics. Among the various neuromorphic devices, optoelectronic synapses are promising neuromorphic devices that use optical means to mimic synaptic plasticity and related functions. Compared with classical neuromorphic chip based on electronic synapses using electrical means, photonic neuromorphic chip using light as input spike signal can be attractive alternative approach for next‐generation artificial intelligent system capable of high density, low power consumption, and low crosstalk. Thus, various optoelectronic synaptic electronics have been developed to overcome the drawback of conventional artificial intelligent system based on electrical synapses. Herein, the recent progresses in transistor‐based optoelectronic synapses for artificial intelligent system and review their device architecture, neuromorphic operational mechanisms, manufacturing methodologies, and advanced applications for artificial intelligent computing and visual perception systems are focused. Finally, the future challenges and research direction in the optoelectronic synaptic research are discussed.