(1) Background: Nursing students should be well-prepared and educated in order to provide high-quality palliative care (PC) to patients with chronic diseases, which will have an impact on the quality of care for dying patients in the future; this study aimed to investigate the level of knowledge about PC and attitudes towards the care of dying patients among Palestinian nursing undergraduate students; (2) Methods: The study was a descriptive quantitative cross-sectional study design of 410 nursing students who participated and completed the questionnaire. The PC Quiz for Nurses (PCQN) and the Short Version of the Frommelt Attitudes Towards Care of the Dying (FATCOD) Form B Scales were used to assess students’ PC knowledge and attitudes toward PC and caring for dying patients. Generalized linear regression analysis was applied to identify the influencing variables on knowledge and attitudes; (3) Results: The overall knowledge mean score was 7.42 ± 2.93, ranging from 0 to 20, which indicates that nursing students lacked knowledge about PC; however, they have a positive attitude (25.94 ± 4.72; ranging from 9 to 45) toward care for a dying person. Receiving lectures or training about PC, caring for relatives in their last days of life, gender, and year of study were independently associated with students’ knowledge and attitudes about PC and care of dying patients; and (4) Conclusion: This study generated evidence showing insufficient knowledge about PC among nursing students at the Al-Quds University, Palestine, albeit a favorable attitude towards EoLC was shown. Integrating PC education into the nursing curriculum at Palestinian Universities need to increase their awareness of PC.

Clinical research validity depends critically on sound sampling methodology and adequate sample size determination, yet many published studies demonstrate deficiencies in these fundamental aspects. This educational review addresses sampling techniques and sample size calculations in clinical research. The review covers probability sampling approaches, including simple random, systematic random, stratified, and cluster sampling methods, contrasting these with non‐probability techniques such as convenience, purposive, snowball, and quota sampling. For each method, we discuss implementation strategies, inherent biases, and appropriate clinical applications. Sample size determination principles are presented across multiple study designs, encompassing cross‐sectional prevalence studies, case–control investigations, cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, and correlational analyses. Key statistical concepts, including Type I and Type II errors, statistical power, effect size estimation, and variance considerations, are also explained. Additionally, some available software tools for sample size calculation are outlined to facilitate implementation. This review ultimately provides clinical researchers with essential knowledge to make informed methodological decisions that enhance study quality and contribute to the evidence base for healthcare decision‐making.

Background: Evidence suggests that stress and anxiety are commonly experienced by nursing students. Cognitive distortions, or negative thinking styles, are linked to stress and anxiety and have been shown to have a detrimental effect on mental health. Therefore, identification of cognitive distortions among nursing students may serve to prevent the development of mental health issues among this population. Aim: To explore the prevalence of cognitive distortions among a sample of nursing students, identify which types were more common and determine how these types varied by sociodemographic characteristics. Method: A cross-sectional online questionnaire survey was conducted with undergraduate nursing students at a university in Palestine. All students enrolled d uring the 2020-21 academic year (n=305) were invited to participate, of whom 176 responded. Results: Of the 176 students who responded, 9 (5%) had severe levels of cognitive distortion, 58 (33%) had moderate levels, 83 (47%) had mild levels and 26 (15%) had healthy levels. Of the nine types of cognitive distortions described in the questionnaire, respondents engaged most in emotional reasoning, followed by perfectionist thinking and ‘What if?’ questions. The cognitive distortions that respondents were least likely to engage in were polarised thinking and overgeneralising. Single, first-year and younger respondents had a significantly higher level of cognitive distortions. Conclusion: The results emphasise the importance of identifying and managing cognitive distortions in nursing students, not only in the mental health clinics at the university where the study took place, but also in preventive well-being services. Universities should prioritise nursing students’ mental health.

Introduction: Self-efficacy is critical for diabetic patients’ adherence to self-management behaviors, including medication compliance, diet modification, physical activity, and blood glucose monitoring.Objectives: This study assessed diabetes self-efficacy and glycemic control among adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Oman and identified determinants influencing glycemic regulation.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to October 2023. Stratified cluster sampling was used to ensure regional representation. The governorate was divided into urban, suburban, and rural strata, from which 30 health institutions were randomly selected. This method allowed practical data collection and enhanced the reliability and generalizability of results. 225 adult T2DM patients were recruited from seven clinics and public hospitals in Oman. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire comprising socio-demographic, clinical characteristics, haemoglobin A1c levels, and the Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6 Scale, a validated tool measuring patients’ confidence in managing aspects of their chronic illness, including symptoms, treatment, and emotional distress. Inclusion criteria: adults aged 18 or older, clinically diagnosed with T2DM within the last year, and able to read Arabic. Exclusion criteria: individuals who declined participation, had severe physical illness at the time of the study, or psychological disorders. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 29; multiple linear regression identified predictors of glycemic control.Results: Nearly half of the patients were aged 51–70 years, most were married, and over half were female. Approximately 50% had diabetes for over a decade. The mean hemoglobin A1c was 8.23 ± 2.08, indicating moderate glycemic control, while the mean self-efficacy score was 29.99 ± 11.41 out of 60 with cut-off point 30, suggesting low self-efficacy. Significant differences in glycemic control were observed by age (p = 0.015) and marital status (p = 0.025). Additionally, patients on both oral medications and insulin had poorer control (p< 0.001), whereas those with additional chronic diseases showed better control (p = 0.049).Conclusion: Low self-efficacy may contribute to inadequate glycemic control, while patients with comorbid conditions achieved better control, possibly due to heightened health vigilance and adherence. Research helps clarify these associations and informs interventions to enhance diabetes management.

Nursing students from developing countries have limited opportunities to experience palliative care. Standardized patient and low-fidelity simulations can provide realistic palliative care experiences for students. However, limited research is available on simulation-based education in Palestine. Testing and using these two types of simulation methods may be the best solution for developing countries that lack adequate resources. This study aimed to test the effects of low-fidelity simulation compared with standardized patient simulation in palliative care teaching on nursing students' knowledge, satisfaction, confidence, and skills. The study was a randomized controlled trial of 70 nursing students in their sophomore year. Students' knowledge was assessed with the Palliative Care Quiz for Nursing test; satisfaction and confidence with the Learner Satisfaction and Self-confidence in Learning; and skills rated by two researchers. Students' knowledge improved significantly on the posttest compared with the pretest, without significant differences between both groups. The findings showed that the utilization of the two methods in students' clinical training for scenario has the same effect on the satisfaction and confidence. The skills of the standardized patient group improved significantly more than the low-fidelity group. The study revealed that both simulation modalities are effective for palliative care nursing students.

The Effectiveness of the Primary Trauma Care Courses in West Bank, Palestine: Are the Outcomes Acceptable?