Background/Objectives: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major microvascular complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and remains an important cause of preventable visual impairment. Region-specific data on the incidence and clinical predictors of DR among patients with T1DM in Saudi Arabia remain limited. This study aimed to determine the incidence of DR and identify associated demographic and systemic risk factors among patients with T1DM at a tertiary care center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 449 patients with T1DM aged ≥9 years who were followed at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, between 2015 and 2025. Patients were selected using a consecutive non-probability sampling technique. Data were extracted from the BESTCare 2.0A electronic medical record system and supplemented, when required, by phone-based interviews to verify selected clinical and demographic variables. Patients were classified as controls without DR or cases with DR, including non-vision-threatening DR and vision-threatening DR (VTDR), according to the International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Severity Scale. Multivariable logistic regression, Cox proportional hazards models, and temporal trend analysis were performed, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The overall incidence rate of DR was 92.66 per 1000 person-years, with similar rates among males and females. In multivariable logistic regression, older age at T1DM diagnosis, longer diabetes duration, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and albuminuria were independently associated with DR. Mean HbA1c and HbA1c variability were not independently associated with DR after adjustment. In Cox regression, older age at T1DM diagnosis was associated with higher hazards of both DR and VTDR, while hypertension was associated with VTDR. Among patients with DR, younger age at T1DM diagnosis was associated with higher odds of proliferative disease in exploratory severity analysis. Conclusions: DR was common among patients with T1DM in this tertiary-care cohort and was mainly associated with disease duration, age at diagnosis, and systemic vascular comorbidities. These findings support the importance of routine ophthalmologic screening and integrated management of systemic risk factors in patients with T1DM.

Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) and anaemia of chronic disease are both common causes of morbidity in the elderly population, where they increase hospitalization and mortality. The risk of IDA is increased in gastrointestinal bleeding caused by aspirin at low doses administered daily, which has been widely used to prevent cardiovascular diseases. The current research will compare the occurrence of IDA between patients under 81 mg of low‐dose aspirin and nonaspirin users. The electronic medical records were reviewed for a retrospective cohort study in the King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (2016–2023). The inclusion criteria were patients aged over 60 years who were taking 81 mg aspirin daily, and 1308 patients were included (654 aspirin users and 654 nonusers). The number of men using aspirin was 378 (56.5), and those not using it were 291 (43.5). The number of women using aspirin was 276 (43.2), and those not using it were 363 (56.8). In the IDA cases, there were 136 (20.8) and 165 (25.2) cases in aspirin and nonaspirin users, respectively. Although this was not a significant difference, the load of haemoglobin in aspirin users was markedly less with a high concentration of ferritin in the bloodstream than in nonusers. Hypertension was a risk factor for IDA. The IDA rates were higher in nonaspirin users in females, old patients and chronic steroid users. Aspirin and nonaspirin users did not differ significantly in terms of IDA incidence. Nonetheless, there were a decreased haemoglobin and an increased ferritin in aspirin users. Potential confounders may include age and BMI, which need to be considered when monitoring low‐dose aspirin patients in old age.

Transplacental transmission of Treponema pallidum spirochetes from an infected mother to the fetus during pregnancy results in the infectious condition known as congenital syphilis (CS). Once a forgotten disease, CS has now re-emerged. We report the clinical case of an early CS in a neonate girl presented with severe congenital pneumonia (pneumonia alba) requiring intubation, along with skin lesions that were visible from birth on the palms and soles of the feet. Neonate’s treponemal and non-treponemal tests were positive, and the mother’s rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test was also positive after birth, and the mother did not have prenatal screening or follow-ups due to socioeconomic reasons. Neonate’s radiological investigations found a diffuse, uniform opacification of both lungs ("white lung") on chest X-ray, consistent with congenital pneumonia (pneumonia alba), in addition to increased radiolucency, widening, irregularity, and erosions in the lower limbs, with periventricular leukomalacia and possible petechial hemorrhages on cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. The neonate was given a 10-day course of intravenous penicillin G along with five days of concurrent inotrope support, IV hydrocortisone for seven days, IV vancomycin and meropenem for 10 days, along with respiratory support. The neonate stayed in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for a period of 54 days in total and was discharged with a clinically favorable outcome.