Significance: To date, wastewater-based epidemiology has focused on reporting drug and pharmaceutical consumption patterns by analyzing domestic wastewater. Here we explore the relationships between chemicals in wastewater and social, demographic, and economic parameters of the respective populations. We show the extent to which consumption of chemicals such as opioids and illicit drugs are associated with sociodemographics. We also examine chemicals that reflect individuals’ consumption of food components in wastewater and show that disparities in diet are associated with educational level. Our study shows that chemicals in wastewater reflect the social, demographic, and economic properties of the respective populations and highlights the potential value of wastewater in studying the sociodemographic determinants of population health.

The burden of smoking is borne most by those who are socially disadvantaged and the social gradient in smoking contributes substantially to the health gap between the rich and poor. A number of factors contribute to higher tobacco use among socially disadvantaged populations including social (e.g., low social support for quitting), psychological (e.g., low self-efficacy) and physical factors (e.g., greater nicotine dependence). Current evidence for the effectiveness of peer or partner support interventions in enhancing the success of quit attempts in the general population is equivocal, largely due to study design and lack of a theoretical framework in this research. We conducted a systematic review of peer support interventions for smoking cessation in disadvantaged groups. The eight studies which met the inclusion criteria showed that interventions that improve social support for smoking cessation may be of greater importance to disadvantaged groups who experience fewer opportunities to access such support informally. Peer-support programs are emerging as highly effective and empowering ways for people to manage health issues in a socially supportive context. We discuss the potential for peer-support programs to address the high prevalence of smoking in vulnerable populations and also to build capacity in their communities.

This article examines the use of e-cigarettes, or vaping, as a social practice. It builds on recent work which argues that theories of social practice can provide effective new ways of conceptualising and responding to public health challenges such as smoking and sedentariness by shifting the focus from individual behaviour. Instead these theories attend to the development and persistence of practices which are enacted across time and space. The article draws on data from a 2014 online survey of Australian vapers, specifically responses to open-ended questions about vaping and its place in daily life. It highlights the way vaping has been established as a practice through a range of factors including the increasing burdens of smoking and the online availability of e-cigarettes and vaping information and advice. Most survey respondents were positive about vaping and constituted it as the opposite of smoking in its ability to improve well-being and transform life for the better. In contrast to smoking, vaping was presented as a practice which opened up space and time, for example as inside the home became a location where nicotine could be consumed. The article also examines the way vaping enables nicotine addiction to be experienced differently, as a form of habitual consumption in which elements of control and choice remain present. The article is limited by its reliance on written responses and the non-representative nature of the survey sample, however it suggests the benefits of naturalistic research on vaping as a social practice.