Local governments increasingly adopt climate and energy strategies addressing both mitigation and adaptation objectives, yet these domains are often treated separately, limiting integrated planning. This study develops a structured Climate–Energy Action Library to support more coherent local decision-making. The library was constructed through a systematic review and harmonisation of actions from European Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plans (SECAPs), international repositories, and related frameworks, resulting in a taxonomy of 171 actions grouped into thematic bundles and policy categories. The methodology enables the identification of potential synergies among measures, and revealing consistent cross-sector interaction patterns. The strongest interaction potential occurs when technical measures are combined with enabling governance actions, including policy instruments, planning frameworks, and capacity-building. Cross-sectoral synergies are evident in building retrofit programmes linked with heat-stress adaptation and in nature-based solutions contributing to mitigation, urban cooling, and ecosystem services. These findings indicate that governance and ecosystem-based measures often enhance the effectiveness of sector-specific interventions. The proposed library provides a practical analytical reference for municipalities, supporting the design and evaluation of integrated climate strategies and helping bridge the persistent separation between mitigation and adaptation in local climate governance.

Extended abstract 3-140-26 The EU Governance Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2018/1999) introduced, for the first time in European legislation, a binding obligation for Member States to establish permanent multi-level Climate and Energy Dialogues (CEDs) under Article 11 – formalising the concept of Multi-Level Governance (MLG) in national energy and climate policymaking. While the Committee of the Regions' 2009 White Paper had already called for coordinated action across governance levels, Article 11 was the first hard legislative requirement to embed this in national planning cycles. Implementing MLG represents a significant cultural shift for Member States accustomed to top-down processes and late-stage consultations. Despite nearly a decade since the Regulation's adoption, the Commission's 2025 assessment of final updated NECPs confirms persistent shortcomings: engagement with subnational authorities remains largely procedural, and few NECPs describe how stakeholder input was actually integrated into policy – as opposed to merely documenting that consultations occurred. This contribution offers a three-part assessment of Article 11 implementation across the EU. Together, the three parts show that genuine MLG institutionalisation is achievable – but requires continuous, independently facilitated, formally anchored dialogue designed from the outset to shape, not merely accompany, policy development. Read the full Download presentation.