The ZF-HD transcription factors play key roles in plant development and stress responses, yet their functions in cucumber remain poorly understood. Here, we characterized a cucumber ZF-HD gene, CsHB33, and investigated its role in leaf development and drought tolerance. CsHB33 was highly expressed in developing leaves. Its expression was significantly suppressed by abscisic acid (ABA) and down-regulated under drought stress. Heterologous overexpression of CsHB33 in Arabidopsis promoted leaf growth by increasing cell size, but simultaneously enhanced sensitivity to osmotic and drought stress, accompanied by higher stomatal aperture and water loss. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that CsHB33 overexpression up-regulated genes associated with leaf enlargement, while under drought it led to constitutive activation of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, particularly tryptophan metabolism. This metabolic disturbance likely contributes to the drought-sensitive phenotype. Our findings reveal that CsHB33 exerts opposing effects on leaf growth and drought tolerance, providing new insights into ZF-HD gene function in cucumber and identifying a potential target for improving stress resilience in breeding.