Asthma is one of the most common non-communicable respiratory diseases, affecting about 6% of the general population. Severe asthma, even if afflicts a minority of asthmatics, drives the majority of costs of the disease. The aim of this study is to create a pharmacoeconomic model to predict the costs of corticosteroid-related adverse events in severe asthmatics and applying it to the first published epidemiologic data from the Severe Asthma Network in Italy (SANI) registry. The analysis was conducted from the perspective of the Italian National Healthcare System (INHS). Model inputs, derived from literature, included: asthma epidemiology data, frequency of adverse events, percentage of severe asthma treated with OCS and adverse event cost (Diagnosis-Related Group (DRG) national tariffs). We estimated costs per different patient groups: non-asthma controls, mild/moderate and severe asthmatics. Final results report estimated direct cost per patient and total direct cost for overall target population, showing economic impact related to corticosteroid complication. Based on epidemiological data input, in Italy, asthmatic subjects resulted about 3,999,600, of which 199,980 with severe asthma. The number of patients with severe asthma OCS-treated was estimated at 123,988. Compared to the non-asthma control cohort and to that with moderate asthma annual cost per severe asthmatic patient resulted respectively about €892 and €606 higher, showing a corticosteroids shadow cost ranging from 45% to 30%.Applying the cost per patient to the target population identified for Italy, the budget impact model estimated a total annual cost related to OCS-related adverse events of €242.7 million for severe asthmatics. In respect with non-asthmatic and moderate population, an incremental expenditure of about € 110.6 million and €75.2, respectively, were shown. Our study provides the first estimates of additional healthcare costs related to corticosteroid induced adverse events in severe asthma patient. Budget impact model results highlighted the relevant economic impact of OCS-related adverse events in severe asthma patients. The future extrapolation of additional data from SANI registry will support the development of a model to investigate the role of corticosteroids sparing drugs.

Background: Multiple myeloma remains an incurable malignancy in which patients ultimately experience relapses and refractory disease despite therapeutic advances. Triple-class exposed relapsed/refractory MM (TCE/RRMM) patients represent both a population with high unmet clinical needs and a substantial economic burden for the Italian National Health Service (NHS). Recently, BCMA-CD3 bispecific antibodies, including elranatamab and teclistamab, have expanded the treatment options for these patients. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of elranatamab versus teclistamab in adults with TCE/RRMM from the Italian NHS perspective. Methods: A partitioned survival model with three health states—progression-free survival, post-progression survival, and death—was developed over a 25-year lifetime horizon, adopting weekly cycles and a 3% annual discount rate. Clinical data for elranatamab were derived from the MagnetisMM-3 trial, while teclistamab outcomes were estimated through matching-adjusted indirect comparisons using MajesTEC-1 data. Direct medical costs included those associated with drug acquisition and administration, disease management, adverse event management, and end-of-life care. Utility values were obtained from EQ-5D-based assessments in MagnetisMM-3. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to test model robustness. Results: Elranatamab yielded 3.31 life-years and 2.33 QALYs per patient, compared with 1.83 life-years and 1.27 QALYs for teclistamab. Total lifetime costs were lower for elranatamab (EUR 153,337) versus teclistamab (EUR 224,610), generating EUR 71,273 in savings. Thus, elranatamab is considered to be dominant, due to its higher efficacy and lower cost. Furthermore, the robustness of these findings was confirmed through sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: From the Italian NHS perspective, elranatamab represents a clinically superior and economically favorable option for patients with TCE/RRMM. The obtained results support its value and sustainability within the national treatment landscape.

Background: MASLD constitutes the ominous shadow of obesity and diabetes mellitus, destined to become pandemics for the coming decades. MASLD is a multisystem disease presenting an increased risk of developing cardio-nephrometabolic complications, extrahepatic tumors, and the obvious liver-related complications. Aim of our study is to evaluate the economic impact of MASLD among Italian population from the Italian National Healthcare Service (NHS) perspective. Methods: MASLD economic impact was assessed developing a calculation model in Microsoft Excel®, from the Italian NHS perspective, considering healthcare resources and direct costs. Target population has been defined based on prevalence data. A literature search was conducted and the main MASLD-related complications were identified, corresponding to: MASH, with relative risk of evolution into CC, DCC, HCC, T2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, in particular MI and stroke, CKD, and CRC. It was chosen to evaluate the differential impact between complications development in the population with MASLD and in a same sample size population without-MASLD. Differential risk data, mortality rates and event unit costs were drawn from published international literature. Frequency and cost data were applied to the total target population, the total annual costs and mortality data, referring to the two arms, were then calculated and the differential value was obtained. Results: Overall, based on an estimated 11,546,370 MASLD target population, an annual illness impact of €12,251,631,822 was calculated, corresponding to a difference of €7,731,674,054 compared to the same sample size without MASLD. Moreover, MASLD population is expected to result in 13,126 annual additional deaths. Conclusion: The growing epidemiological impact of MASLD and its complications, will represent a huge economic burden for healthcare services worldwide. An holistic approach, mainly behaviors lifestyle change, to control the dramatic health and economic impact will be the first step to take. Specific drugs for MASLD are not yet available, but studies are underway, and combination pharmaceutical therapies may be an inevitable choice to achieve adequate control of MASLD and its complications in the future.