Based on the acid-sensitive characteristics of SBA-15 during synthesis, this study varied the acid types, pH values, and mixed acid ratios during SBA-15 preparation to enhance the performance of CaO/Cr-SBA-15 dual-functional materials (DFMs) in integrated CO₂ capture and utilization for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (ICCU-ODHE). It was found that the SBA-15 support synthesized in an H₂SO₄ environment exhibited a high specific surface area and abundant surface silanol groups, which facilitated the dispersion of Cr and increased the proportion of Cr⁶⁺ active sites, thereby achieving the highest ethane conversion. In contrast, the moderate surface acidity of the HCl-prepared support facilitated the selective dehydrogenation of ethane over Cr active sites, effectively inhibiting side reactions and maximizing ethylene selectivity. Further investigations into the effects of pH and mixed acids revealed that pH 1 is optimal for SBA-15 preparation. At this value, the support reached its maximum mesoporous ordering and specific surface area, allowing for optimal Cr dispersion. Consequently, the ethane conversion, ethylene selectivity, and DFM yield all reached their peak values. Any deviation from this pH led to degradation of the support structure and reduced Cr dispersion, resulting in a significant decline in catalytic performance. Among the tested materials, the CaO/Cr-SBA-15-Cl-S DFM synthesized with an HCl-H₂SO₄ mixed acid demonstrated the superior reactivity, achieving an ethylene yield of 33.95%. Long-term cycling tests indicated that the material possesses good stability, with its performance attenuation primarily attributed to coking and adsorbent sintering.

Biomass co-firing is an effective approach for improving the low-carbon and flexible operation of coal-fired boilers under deep peak-shaving conditions. In this study, a 3D CFD model was established for a subcritical four-corner tangentially fired boiler to investigate the effects of biomass blending percentage, injection position, and boiler load on combustion characteristics and NO formation. The results show that increasing the biomass blending percentage improves the uniformity of the flow and temperature fields, promotes more complete pulverized coal combustion, and enhances boiler combustion efficiency. Among the investigated load conditions, the 70% load shows a relatively more favorable combustion state in terms of flow field distribution, temperature level, and species distribution. Compared with B-layer primary air injection, BC-layer secondary air injection shows a stronger tendency to reduce NO formation under the simulated conditions. These results indicate that proper biomass blending and optimization of the injection position can effectively improve combustion uniformity and suppress NO formation.

With the rapid development of data centers, significant energy consumption challenges have emerged, with cooling system energy consumption accounting for over 30%. Traditional air cooling, limited by airflow organization issues, struggles to meet the cooling demands of high heat flux density chips. Although liquid cooling technology exhibits superior cooling performance, it often leads to high system power consumption due to design and flow matching factors. Therefore, conducting energy-saving optimization of liquid cooling systems holds significant importance. This paper establishes a piping network model for a cabinet-level indirect liquid cooling system, incorporating the heat flow method and piping network fluid dynamics–resistance balance relationships to establish overall system flow and heat transfer constraints. Based on this, optimization analyses are conducted for cabinet liquid cooling systems under centralized and distributed pump configurations. For centralized pump configurations with a constant thermal load, a Lagrangian function is established to minimize system power consumption, and the optimal pump operating frequency is determined using variational principles. When the cooling water temperature rises from 20 °C to 24 °C, the total power consumption increases by 1.55 times. Placing a server with a specific load of 1.2 kW at the bottom of the cabinet rather than the top results in a 34.4% energy savings. With a constant total pump power consumption, a Lagrangian function is established to maximize the system thermal load, and the optimal pump operating frequency is determined. When the cooling water inlet temperature increases by 2 °C, the total thermal load decreases by 4.9%. Servers with higher thermal loads should be placed nearby to make the cooling system more energy-efficient. Comparisons reveal that as the total system thermal load increases from 4.0 kW to 6.0 kW, the distributed pump configuration achieves an average energy savings of 2.5 W, with a maximum savings of 7.09 W, compared to the centralized pump configuration.