Extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes, have emerged as key mediators of intercellular communication by transporting microRNAs (miRNAs). Recent studies indicate that EV-associated miRNAs regulate gene expression across diverse physiological and pathological processes, including cancer metastasis, neuroinflammation, kidney injury, and cardiovascular disease. Understanding the selective packaging, trafficking, and functional consequences of EV-miRNA transfer may enable the development of biomarkers and targeted therapies based on vesicle-mediated signaling.

Circadian rhythm disruption has emerged as a significant yet underexplored factor contributing to cancer initiation, progression, and therapeutic resistance. The circadian clock regulates approximately 40% of the human genome, orchestrating immune function, metabolism, and cellular repair. Aberrant expression of clock genes alters tumor metabolism and immune surveillance, promoting tumor growth and immune evasion. Understanding the role of circadian misalignment in cancer biology could pave the way for optimizing drug delivery, improving immune checkpoint therapy outcomes, and advancing personalized chronotherapeutic interventions.

The glymphatic system plays a critical role in central nervous system waste clearance, and its impairment is increasingly linked to neuroinflammation and accelerated disease progression. The latest 2025 evidence reveals that inflammatory microglial activation, perivascular aquaporin-4 disorganization, and impaired cerebrospinal fluid-interstitial fluid exchange contribute to dysfunctional neuro-clearance, fostering protein aggregation and neuronal injury. Emerging data also highlight the potential for drug-mediated modulation of glial metabolism, vascular inflammation, and aquaporin-4 stability to support early neuro-barrier protection and glymphatic flow recovery.

Background: The gut-heart axis is a new therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases, which continue to be the leading cause of death worldwide. Metabolites originating from microorganisms have demonstrated significant impacts on inflammation, remodeling, and heart function. Objective: By assessing molecular pathways, therapeutic options, and translational barriers, this narrative review seeks to objectively examine the cardioprotective potential of gut microbial metabolites. Methods: We reviewed and summarized the most recent research on the impact of microbial metabolites, both beneficial and detrimental, on endothelium repair, fibrosis, immunometabolism, and cardiac bioenergetics. A systematic search was conducted using the phrases “gut-heart axis,” “microbial metabolites,” and “cardiovascular protection” in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for the years 2018–2024. Preclinical and clinical research that met the eligibility requirements were vetted and narratively synthesized. Results: By modulating Nrf2, HDAC, and TGF-β/Smad, protective metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, urolithins, and indoles have anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and mitochondrial-enhancing properties. On the other hand, oxidative stress and fibrosis are made worse by trimethylamine N-oxide and hydrogen sulfide. Postbiotic formulations, innovative delivery systems, and synthetic biology provide promising approaches for focused intervention. However, there are substantial translational obstacles due to pharmacokinetic, regulatory, and microbiota heterogeneity. Conclusion: Microbial metabolites produced in the gut are a promising and revolutionary class of cardioprotectants. Future cardiovascular treatments may be redefined by precision-targeted gut-heart axis modulation, although clinical validation and regulatory standardization are still crucial.

Plastic packaging is produced through a process called polymerization, where monomers (the building blocks) are linked together. Usually, monomers are stable in the polymer chain; however, the presence of low molecular weight substances, such as LDPE, prevents the monomers from being packaged closely. This leads to their spread to food through various means, such as contact, penetration, gas-phase diffusion, condensation, and set-off migration. Although their quantity is lower in the packaging, after consumption, their concentration increases to levels that can be detrimental to human health.

Pharmacogenomics is now an essential part of precision medicine, as it describes how genetic differences at the individual level influence drug responses. Its combination enables a transition from trial-and-error prescriptions to predictive, genotype-directed treatment, thereby enhancing the safety and accuracy of treatment. Rapid genomic testing, AI-driven prediction of drug-gene interactions, and clinical decision-support systems have advanced, increasing their uptake in psychiatry, cardiology, and oncology. New methods, such as polygenic pharmacogenomic scoring and population-specific genomic maps, are even more personalized. Together, these advances make pharmacogenomics a central figure with the potential to shape the future of personalized, effective, and innovative healthcare.