Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin, which is characterized by itching, erythema, and eczematous lacerations. It affects about 10 % of adults and approximately 15-20 % of children worldwide. As a result of genetic, immunologic, and environmental factors, the disease manifests itself with the impaired stratum corneum barrier and then immunological responses. Topical administration of corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors are currently used as the first strategy in the management of the disease. However, they have low skin bioavailability and some side effects. The nanocarriers as novel drug delivery systems could overcome limitations of conventional dosage forms, owing to increment of poorly soluble drug' solubility, then its thermodynamic activity and, consequently, its skin permeation. Also, side effects of the drug substances on the skin could be reduced by the nano-sized drug delivery systems due to encapsulation of the drug in the nanocarriers and targeted drug delivery of drug substances to the inflammated skin areas. Thereby, there have been available numerous research studies and patents regarding the use of nanocarriers in the management of atopic dermatitis. This review focuses on the mechanism of disease and development of nanocarrier based on novel drug release systems in the management of atopic dermatitis.

The extracts from flower heads of Matricaria recutita L. have various biological effects, most notably anti-inflammatory. The most important flavonoid is apigenin, which is mostly found in the form of apigenin-7-O-glucoside. Apigenin-7-O-glucoside is assessed as a marker in Matricaria recutita L. extracts due to its anti-inflammatory effect. In this study, a new, cost-effective, and accurate HPLC-PDA method was developed and implemented for the quantification of apigenin-7-O-glucoside in liquid extracts of the flowers of Matricaria recutita L. grown in Türkiye (Bandırma/Balıkesir) and Türkiye (Arnavutköy/Istanbul) regions. The extraction solvent was ethanol 95.4% v/v (containing 0.12% sodium hydroxide, 0.22% sodium acetate). The apigenin-7-O-glucoside content of the extracts was detected. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts were analyzed. Since the extract prepared from the herb grown in Arnavutköy/Istanbul region has higher apigenin-7-O-glycoside, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, a topical cream containing this extract was formulated. An in vitro release test was performed for apigenin-7-O-glucoside to examine the pharmaceutical quality and performance of the cream compared to the reference cream. The test cream showed a faster release than the reference product. In addition, the physicochemical stability of the test product was monitored for 90 days. It is expected to be more effective than the reference product in in vivo studies due to the faster release of the test product. The cell viability profile and apoptotic effect of the extracts and the test cream were evaluated on fibroblast (CCD-1079Sk) and melanoma (SK-MEL-28) cell lines.

Ocular fungal diseases are associated with severe infection and pain and, in advanced stages, can lead to vision loss. Current treatment options are limited to the topical application of conventional drugs, and the bioavailability of these drugs is quite limited due to ocular barriers. In this study, a dual-drug nanodelivery system was developed to improve intraocular drug delivery by combining antifungal and anti-inflammatory therapies. Posaconazole (PSC), a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal agent, and dexketoprofen trometamol (DKP), a rapidly acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, were co-loaded onto polymeric micelles and then incorporated into electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVA/PVP) nanofiber intraocular implants. DSC, XRD, FTIR, and FESEM analyses showed that both APIs were successfully converted into nanofiber form without disrupting the micelle structure. Comparative studies with DKP solution and PSC commercial oral suspension (Noxafil^® 40 mg/mL) showed that the produced micelle-loaded nanofibers provided sustained release and significantly increased ex vivo ocular permeation and penetration. In vitro antifungal activity tests demonstrated efficacy against Candida albicans, and HET-CAM toxicity tests showed that the micelle-loaded nanofibers were non-irritating and suitable for ocular application. Overall, the micelle-loaded electrospun nanofiber ocular inserts developed in this study represent a promising platform for combined antifungal and anti-inflammatory ocular therapy.