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This article reports on the perceptions of single parents on their parenting styles in raising their children living with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD). Purposive sampling was used to collect the sample group. The study comprised 10 female participants of white, Indian, and coloured descent with a mean age of 35.6 years. The participants were single parents of a child formally diagnosed with ADHD and living in South Africa. Qualitative data were gathered using semi-structured interviews and subsequently thematically analyzed. The study found that the single parents of children with ADHD perceived their parenting styles as unique from their parents’ traditional methods. The results also revealed shortcomings in the theoretical framework used to guide this study, especially in regard to non-traditional parenting structures. Future research could explore a proposed conceptual framework, the Pan-African Millennial Parenting conceptual framework.
Razeenah Mahomed; Daleen Alexander; Jacobus Maree. Raising children: single parents’ parenting styles with children living with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder. Early Child Development and Care 2021, 1 -16.
AMA StyleRazeenah Mahomed, Daleen Alexander, Jacobus Maree. Raising children: single parents’ parenting styles with children living with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder. Early Child Development and Care. 2021; ():1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRazeenah Mahomed; Daleen Alexander; Jacobus Maree. 2021. "Raising children: single parents’ parenting styles with children living with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder." Early Child Development and Care , no. : 1-16.
This article reports on how the changing career counselling needs of young people during the Covid-19 pandemic can be met. It is argued that innovative and contextualised career counselling that is in line with the basic principles of ‘best practice’ and draws on a life design–based framework offers a viable conceptual framework for this kind of endeavour. Such counselling can promote young people’s adaptability; enhance their employability; and bolster their narratability, narrativity and autobiographicity. A brief theoretical overview explains innovation and contextualisation in career counselling and clarifies key aspects of counselling for self- and career construction. The style of e-career counselling advocated here can help young people make meaning of their career-lives and (re-)kindle their sense of hope and purpose. Moreover, it can help them devise practicable strategies to actuate their sense of purpose and hope and also help them experience a sense of being part of something much bigger than themselves. In addition, it can promote young people’s entrepreneurship and self-entrepreneurship and bolster their employability. Longitudinal research, including qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods studies on the topic, is needed to examine the value of the e-career counselling approach. Such research could involve different assessment instruments and counselling strategies and include questionnaires to facilitate pre- and post-assessment of the effectiveness of the approach.
Jacobus Gideon Maree. Innovating and contextualising career counselling for young people during the Covid-19 pandemic. South African Journal of Psychology 2021, 51, 244 -255.
AMA StyleJacobus Gideon Maree. Innovating and contextualising career counselling for young people during the Covid-19 pandemic. South African Journal of Psychology. 2021; 51 (2):244-255.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacobus Gideon Maree. 2021. "Innovating and contextualising career counselling for young people during the Covid-19 pandemic." South African Journal of Psychology 51, no. 2: 244-255.
While much has been written on the influence of Erik Erikson’s contributions to education, little has been said about his place in terms of his contribution to the general theoretical notion of what it means to be a human being. This article aims to broaden current reflections on Erikson’s position in the spectrum of work done on human development in general and on early child development especially. A concise qualitative theoretical overview sheds light on some basic biographical details, Erikson’s academic background, the work for which he is an established name, and his views on people as sentient beings. Also discussed are the emergence of his psychosocial development theory and his core research and its possible impact on theory and practice are discussed as is his largely unacknowledged contribution to the intertwined disciplines of self – and career counselling and life design-related science, practice, and profession.
Jacobus G. Maree. The psychosocial development theory of Erik Erikson: critical overview. Early Child Development and Care 2021, 191, 1107 -1121.
AMA StyleJacobus G. Maree. The psychosocial development theory of Erik Erikson: critical overview. Early Child Development and Care. 2021; 191 (7-8):1107-1121.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacobus G. Maree. 2021. "The psychosocial development theory of Erik Erikson: critical overview." Early Child Development and Care 191, no. 7-8: 1107-1121.
The purpose of this study was to explore and assess the feasibility of counselling based on life-design principles in enhancing the career resilience of children who are exposed to family violence. The research project involved a QUALITATIVE–quantitative mode of inquiry with 6 participants chosen based on certain characteristics. Life-design-related intervention strategies, together with various (postmodern) qualitative and quantitative techniques, were used to gather data, while data analysis was done using thematic content analysis. Quantitative data were collected from parents as well as the participants before and after the intervention. Certain themes, sub-themes and sub-sub-themes that all contributed to participants’ career resilience were identified. Following the intervention, findings obtained from a qualitative perspective indicated that the outcomes of the life-design-related counselling intervention were substantial. The findings showed that various narrative techniques could be used to enhance the career resilience of children exposed to family violence. Future research could assess the value of life-design counselling in enhancing the career resilience of survivors of family violence in diverse group contexts. A greater focus could be placed on the (unforeseen) external trauma that had an impact on participants’ ability to (re-)construct their career-life narratives to enhance their future selves and careers.
Cobus J. Venter; Jacobus G. Maree. Life-design counselling for survivors of family violence in resource-constrained areas. South African Journal of Education 2020, 40, S1 -S12.
AMA StyleCobus J. Venter, Jacobus G. Maree. Life-design counselling for survivors of family violence in resource-constrained areas. South African Journal of Education. 2020; 40 (Supplement):S1-S12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCobus J. Venter; Jacobus G. Maree. 2020. "Life-design counselling for survivors of family violence in resource-constrained areas." South African Journal of Education 40, no. Supplement: S1-S12.
This article reports on the influence of counselling for self- and career construction on the career counselling needs of an adolescent boy with Tourette’s disorder. Purposeful sampling was used. The study adopted an explanatory, single-participant study design. A qualitative paradigm was employed and an integrative, QUALITATIVE-quantitative methodology implemented. Counselling for self- and career construction techniques, methods, and strategies were used first to obtain (construct) and subsequently to analyze the data. After the intervention, the participant showed an enhanced capacity and willingness to design himself and construct his career by responding to and dealing with career-choice indecision constrictions in his self-identity that were defining him and social contexts that were confining him. Accordingly, he exhibited an improved sense of self. Future research should examine the short- and longer-term effect of the approach described here on people with Tourette’s disorder as well as other neurological conditions in diverse career counselling contexts.
Jacobus G. Maree. Counselling for self- and career construction outcomes for an adolescent boy with Tourette’s disorder: single participant intervention research. Early Child Development and Care 2020, 190, 2627 -2645.
AMA StyleJacobus G. Maree. Counselling for self- and career construction outcomes for an adolescent boy with Tourette’s disorder: single participant intervention research. Early Child Development and Care. 2020; 190 (16):2627-2645.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacobus G. Maree. 2020. "Counselling for self- and career construction outcomes for an adolescent boy with Tourette’s disorder: single participant intervention research." Early Child Development and Care 190, no. 16: 2627-2645.
This chapter reports on the practical implementation of the theoretical and conceptual framework outlined and discussed in the first 10 chapters of the book. Examples of the implementation of the CIP (either on its own or together with the MCM), in individual and in group-based contexts, are provided. By including narratives in the form of case studies, I hope to demonstrate how theory can be converted into practice and vice versa. Hopefully, the case study narratives will be illuminating for career counselors and indicate how they can partner with clients to enhance their self- and career construction. First, the implementation of the CIP in conjunction with the MCM and connecting the dots to confirm a career choice in an “uncomplicated case” is discussed. The focus then shifts to a discussion of a number of purposely selected case studies in more or less detail before the chapter is concluded.
Jacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. Case Studies Demonstrating the Use of Integrative QUALITATIVE-Quantitative Career Counseling Intervention to Promote Innovation in Career Counseling Across the Life Span. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction 2020, 213 -257.
AMA StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. Case Studies Demonstrating the Use of Integrative QUALITATIVE-Quantitative Career Counseling Intervention to Promote Innovation in Career Counseling Across the Life Span. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction. 2020; ():213-257.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. 2020. "Case Studies Demonstrating the Use of Integrative QUALITATIVE-Quantitative Career Counseling Intervention to Promote Innovation in Career Counseling Across the Life Span." Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction , no. : 213-257.
In this chapter, I first discuss the lens that should be used to understand and interpret the contents of the book. Next, I consider the key issue as to whether it is advisable to continue using tests (in conjunction with qualitative assessment instruments) in career counseling. The main caveats for the success of the approach espoused in the book are discussed, key aspects of counselors’ role in career counseling are examined, and a brief synthesis of the integrative model proposed in Chap. 10 is provided before the chapter is concluded.
Jacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. Closing Chapter. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction 2020, 281 -290.
AMA StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. Closing Chapter. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction. 2020; ():281-290.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. 2020. "Closing Chapter." Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction , no. : 281-290.
This chapter draws on the inspiring life story of the amazing Dolly Parton to demonstrate the remarkable overlap between multiple facets of Mark Savickas’ counseling for self- and career construction theory and how this theory is practically and “naturally” enacted in numerous real-life contexts. First, a brief background to Dolly Parton’s life is presented, and the overlap between her career-life story and the theory of career construction counseling is outlined. A truncated biography of Dolly Parton follows, after which the focus shifts to an elaboration of how she developed herself as a career project (Cochran, 1992). The outcomes of a “virtual” self- and career construction counseling-based interview conducted with her (based on information gathered from numerous publications and interviews) are used to uncover her key life themes. This interview is subsequently analyzed, and mission and vision statements are proposed for her. Next, the chapter discusses how Dolly Parton enacted her mission and vision and influenced the lives of countless other people positively (and continues to do so). More particularly, she provided and continues to provide a holding environment for millions of people. I explain how self- and career construction principles are realized in Dolly Parton’s career-life story before the chapter is concluded.
Jacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. Career Counseling as a Science, a Skill, and an Art: Drawing on the Inspiring Career-Life Story of Dolly Parton to Demonstrate How Theory Building in Career Construction Counseling is Premised on Practice. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction 2020, 261 -277.
AMA StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. Career Counseling as a Science, a Skill, and an Art: Drawing on the Inspiring Career-Life Story of Dolly Parton to Demonstrate How Theory Building in Career Construction Counseling is Premised on Practice. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction. 2020; ():261-277.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. 2020. "Career Counseling as a Science, a Skill, and an Art: Drawing on the Inspiring Career-Life Story of Dolly Parton to Demonstrate How Theory Building in Career Construction Counseling is Premised on Practice." Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction , no. : 261-277.
In this chapter, I first discuss the need for an innovative approach to career counseling. A few examples of key life transitions are given. Several personality theories that have influenced the development of career counseling theory and practice are considered. Next, humanistic and related perspectives on human performance, development, choice-making, and execution that relate to counseling for self- and career construction and life design are covered. I also discuss different perspectives on the notion of “Active mastering of passive suffering”.
Jacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction: Theoretical Premises, Antecedents, and Associations. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction 2020, 25 -42.
AMA StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction: Theoretical Premises, Antecedents, and Associations. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction. 2020; ():25-42.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. 2020. "Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction: Theoretical Premises, Antecedents, and Associations." Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction , no. : 25-42.
In this chapter, I first dwell briefly on important events in the field of career counseling over the past few decades and explain why innovation in the field is needed. I draw on one of my earliest recollections to set the scene for what is to follow in later chapters and elaborate on my own personal Damascene moment—a moment that convinced me forever of the need for as well as the power and value of an integrative QUALITATIVE-quantitative approach to career counseling, particularly at a time when many speculate that work itself is at risk. I conclude by outlining the contents of the book and explaining its aims—to help people connect what they know about themselves consciously with what they are aware of subconsciously (elicited by activities such as asking clients for their most hurtful experiences or for their earliest recollections).
Jacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. Connecting What We Know Consciously with What We Are Aware of Subconsciously: Orientation of and Rationale for the Book. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction 2020, 3 -21.
AMA StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. Connecting What We Know Consciously with What We Are Aware of Subconsciously: Orientation of and Rationale for the Book. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction. 2020; ():3-21.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. 2020. "Connecting What We Know Consciously with What We Are Aware of Subconsciously: Orientation of and Rationale for the Book." Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction , no. : 3-21.
This chapter begins by discussing the continued use of test scores in career counseling in conjunction with people’s “stories”. It examines the value of drawing on self-estimates of interests and confidence about aptitude for certain careers. It stresses the importance of using a combination of factors to predict career success and elaborates on various factors in the development and standardization of the MCM. The conceptual framework of the instrument and some aspects of its psychometric properties are dealt with in the final section of the chapter.
Jacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. The Development and Implementation of the MCM. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction 2020, 157 -186.
AMA StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. The Development and Implementation of the MCM. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction. 2020; ():157-186.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. 2020. "The Development and Implementation of the MCM." Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction , no. : 157-186.
This chapter covers the emotional effect of changes in the world of work that have taken place globally over the past few decades on people. The discussion then moves to the need for and importance of career counseling as a means to help people interpret and deal with these changes. Also discussed is the idiosyncratic situation and needs of people in disadvantaged areas, as well as the importance of attending to their career counseling needs. A case study showing how career counseling can be postmodernized in a seriously disadvantaged environment is presented before the chapter is concluded.
Jacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. Innovating Career Counseling by Promoting Social Justice (Advocacy) and Decent Work for All: Helping People Make Social Contributions and Heal Themselves. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction 2020, 115 -124.
AMA StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. Innovating Career Counseling by Promoting Social Justice (Advocacy) and Decent Work for All: Helping People Make Social Contributions and Heal Themselves. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction. 2020; ():115-124.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. 2020. "Innovating Career Counseling by Promoting Social Justice (Advocacy) and Decent Work for All: Helping People Make Social Contributions and Heal Themselves." Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction , no. : 115-124.
The chapter commences with a brief discussion of career construction counseling, self-construction counseling, and various life design counseling constructs. This is followed by a discussion on a framework for implementing integrative counseling for self- and career construction and life design in different contexts. This framework is used to promote understanding of the psychology of career choice decision-making and, especially, the idea of eliciting advice from within for answers to people’s career-related questions, requests, and decision-making. The chapter ends on this note.
Jacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. Counseling for Self- and Career Construction and Life Design as the Basis for Eliciting Inner Advice Regarding Career Choice Decision-Making. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction 2020, 43 -65.
AMA StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. Counseling for Self- and Career Construction and Life Design as the Basis for Eliciting Inner Advice Regarding Career Choice Decision-Making. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction. 2020; ():43-65.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. 2020. "Counseling for Self- and Career Construction and Life Design as the Basis for Eliciting Inner Advice Regarding Career Choice Decision-Making." Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction , no. : 43-65.
This chapter elaborates on the link between successive waves in career counseling, psychology, the global economy, and successive industrial revolutions. The waves in career counseling are then linked to prominent helping models in each wave, the attributes or traits emphasized during each wave are highlighted, and associated career interventions are explained. The influence of concurrent “business models” on career counseling helping models are examined, and associated personality traits are clarified before the chapter is concluded.
Jacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. How Global Change Necessitates Innovation in Career Counseling: Linking Economic, Industrial, Psychology, and Career Counseling Waves. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction 2020, 67 -84.
AMA StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. How Global Change Necessitates Innovation in Career Counseling: Linking Economic, Industrial, Psychology, and Career Counseling Waves. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction. 2020; ():67-84.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. 2020. "How Global Change Necessitates Innovation in Career Counseling: Linking Economic, Industrial, Psychology, and Career Counseling Waves." Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction , no. : 67-84.
This chapter begins by explaining why the CIP was developed as a questionnaire to promote counseling self- and career construction as well as life design intervention. This is followed by a discussion of factors related to the theoretical and conceptual framework of the CIP. Next, I deal with the nature of the questionnaire and discuss briefly its aim and four-part layout before focusing on some requirements for administering the CIP. The importance of focusing on the CIP as a unit, the issue of how feedback to assessees should be given, and how qualitative analysis should be explained are then discussed. Information is provided to guide practitioners in their interpretation of responses to CIP questions. The chapter concludes with an explanation of how rigorous interpretation can be promoted, the key issue of choosing a career and linking this choice to writing mission and vision statements, crafting a career plan, and forward movement (including job analysis).
Jacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. Eliciting Life Stories Innovatively and Qualitatively: Using the CIP in Career Counseling. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction 2020, 127 -155.
AMA StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. Eliciting Life Stories Innovatively and Qualitatively: Using the CIP in Career Counseling. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction. 2020; ():127-155.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. 2020. "Eliciting Life Stories Innovatively and Qualitatively: Using the CIP in Career Counseling." Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction , no. : 127-155.
In this chapter, I discuss the extent and effect of some of the changes in the world of work that have taken place globally in the past few decades. I then show how these changes are reflected in the changing language of the career counseling discourse and manifest in the language of business (the world of work today). I explain also how change is demonstrated by the changing language of business and economics. Some shop window names and signage designs (from cities across the world) are discussed briefly to shed light on the career psychology theory behind avant garde shop names that relates directly or indirectly to recent trends in the language of the career counseling discourse.
Jacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. Innovating the Language of the Career Counseling Discourse. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction 2020, 105 -113.
AMA StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. Innovating the Language of the Career Counseling Discourse. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction. 2020; ():105-113.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. 2020. "Innovating the Language of the Career Counseling Discourse." Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction , no. : 105-113.
This chapter begins with a theoretical overview of Savickas’ thoughts on how the many different “dots” can be connected in career counseling once assessees’ stories have been elicited qualitatively (using the CCI) to craft their “life portraits”. Next, I explain briefly what is meant by a career-life story narrative and then discuss the value of eliciting stories and scores integratively to enable career counselors to help assessees use and synthesize their responses and reflections. I then summarize the importance and essence of integrative QUALITATIVE-quantitative group career counseling and discuss practical aspects of using the career choice and construction conversation template in individual and group contexts to enhance assessees’ reflections on their stories and scores and to connect what they consciously know or are aware of with subconscious advice. The overall aim of career counseling is to deal with people’s authentic reason for seeking counseling—this and a few general issues are discussed before the chapter is concluded.
Jacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. Integrating Stories and Scores to Promote Innovative Career Counseling in Individual and Group Contexts. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction 2020, 187 -210.
AMA StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. Integrating Stories and Scores to Promote Innovative Career Counseling in Individual and Group Contexts. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction. 2020; ():187-210.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. 2020. "Integrating Stories and Scores to Promote Innovative Career Counseling in Individual and Group Contexts." Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction , no. : 187-210.
This chapter discusses the main background argument for the integrative model that I am proposing and elaborates on the value of dealing innovatively with contextual challenges in career counseling. It begins with an explanation of the need for the contextualization of career counseling in different contexts and why I believe global change, contextualization, and innovation are an inextricably interwoven trio of concepts that should be considered jointly during discussions about career counseling in a changing world. Next, I elaborate on the differences between, but also the golden thread running through, concepts related to contextualization. Also discussed is the importance of contextualization during the adaptation or modification of theory, assessment, or intervention to ensure that their implementation will be advantageous and fit for their intended purpose. Practical examples are given. The focus then shifts to the need for multilevel contextualization to address diversity needs when different career counseling paradigms are implemented in typical Global South contexts. Next, contextualizing the implementation of counseling for self- and career construction in such contexts is discussed based on how it is being done in Africa, after which the chapter is concluded.
Jacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. Innovating Career Counseling Through Contextualization. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction 2020, 85 -104.
AMA StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. Innovating Career Counseling Through Contextualization. Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction. 2020; ():85-104.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacobus Gideon (Kobus) Maree. 2020. "Innovating Career Counseling Through Contextualization." Innovating Counseling for Self- and Career Construction , no. : 85-104.
Jacobus Gideon Maree. Editorial: Renewing career counselling to promote the facilitation of sustainable decent work across the globe. South African Journal of Education 2020, 40, S1 -S3.
AMA StyleJacobus Gideon Maree. Editorial: Renewing career counselling to promote the facilitation of sustainable decent work across the globe. South African Journal of Education. 2020; 40 (Suppl 1):S1-S3.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacobus Gideon Maree. 2020. "Editorial: Renewing career counselling to promote the facilitation of sustainable decent work across the globe." South African Journal of Education 40, no. Suppl 1: S1-S3.
This article reports on integrative career counselling for early career individuals. This approach and intervention involve the elicitation and use of individuals’ multiple smaller career-life stories (qualitative assessment and intervention) and their scores on tests (quantitative assessment). The aim is to help them make important choices in their career-lives in collaboration with their career counsellors in rapidly changing times and work contexts. In the end, career counsellors and these individuals are enabled to devise life and career projects that enable early career individuals to make meaning in their work-lives, make social contribution, and experience a sense of self-worth and purpose in their career-lives. Using the approach within the current South African situation could enhance entrepreneurship and promote self-entrepreneurship and employability. Future longitudinal research, including multiple case and quantitative studies on the topic is needed. Such research could potentially implement different assessment instruments and include questionnaires to facilitate pre- and post-assessment of the effectiveness of the intervention.
Jacobus G Maree. Integrative career counselling for early career individuals. South African Journal of Psychology 2020, 50, 228 -238.
AMA StyleJacobus G Maree. Integrative career counselling for early career individuals. South African Journal of Psychology. 2020; 50 (2):228-238.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacobus G Maree. 2020. "Integrative career counselling for early career individuals." South African Journal of Psychology 50, no. 2: 228-238.