Graphene oxide (GO) in antibiotic delivery provides a promising strategy for combating multidrug-resistant bacteria and outlines practical pathways for advancing pharmaceutical and clinical development.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents an escalating global health burden, fundamentally altering morbidity and mortality trajectories across the world, particularly as it advances into end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Beyond the primary decline in renal filtration and excretion, a wide spectrum of endocrine and metabolic derangements frequently accompanies kidney failure, with thyroid dysfunction emerging as a critical complication. Methods: The current study was designed to rigorously evaluate the nuanced association between thyroid hormone dynamics—specifically thyrotropin (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4)—and renal status in three distinct cohorts: individuals with suspected thyroid issues but normal renal function (NPs), non-dialysis kidney disease patients (NDKPs), and patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (DPs). Data were collected from a clinical setting in Bangladesh, involving 161 subjects. Results: The results demonstrated that patients in the DP cohort exhibited slightly elevated thyroid hormone levels relative to those in the NDKP cohort. Specifically, within the subgroups of patients exhibiting normal or sub-reference hormonal levels, dialysis patients maintained higher concentrations than their non-dialysis counterparts. Demographic stratification further revealed that males, females, and individuals younger than 45 years were more likely to demonstrate restorative hormonal profiles in the DP group than in the NDKP group. Conclusions: These collective outcomes suggest that renal replacement therapy, specifically hemodialysis, may serve to stabilize or improve thyroid function in ESRD patients by potentially mitigating the suppressive effects of uremic toxins and normalizing homeostatic feedback loops.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents an escalating global health burden, fundamentally altering morbidity and mortality trajectories across the world, particularly as it advances into end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Beyond the primary decline in renal filtration and excretion, a wide spectrum of endocrine and metabolic derangements frequently accompanies kidney failure, with thyroid dysfunction emerging as a critical complication. The current study was designed to rigorously evaluate the nuanced association between thyroid hormone dynamics—specifically thyrotropin (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4)—and renal status in three distinct cohorts: individuals with suspected thyroid issues but normal renal function (NP), non-dialysis kidney patients (NDKP), and patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (DP). Data were collected from a clinical setting in Bangladesh, involving 161 subjects. The results demonstrated that patients in the DP cohort exhibited slightly elevated thyroid hormone levels relative to those in the NDKP cohort. Specifically, within the subgroups of patients exhibiting normal or sub-reference hormonal levels, dialysis patients maintained higher concentrations than their non-dialysis counterparts. Demographic stratification further revealed that males, females, and individuals younger than 45 years were more likely to demonstrate restorative hormonal profiles in the DP group than in the NDKP group. These collective outcomes suggest that renal replacement therapy, specifically hemodialysis, may serve to stabilize or improve thyroid function in ESRD patients by potentially mitigating the suppressive effects of uremic toxins and normalizing homeostatic feedback loops.