The objective of the study was to empirically examine the impact of credit risk on profitability of commercial banks in Ethiopia. For the purpose secondary data collected from 8 sample commercial banks for a 12 year period (2003-2004) were collected from annual reports of respective banks and National Bank of Ethiopia. The data were analyzed using a descriptive statics and panel data regression model and the result showed that credit risk measures: non-performing loan, loan loss provisions and capital adequacy have a significant impact on the profitability of commercial banks in Ethiopia. The study suggested a need for enhancing credit risk management to maintain the prevailing profitability of commercial banks in Ethiopia. Key words: Commercial banks, credit risk, Ethiopia, panel data regression performance, profitability.

The objective of this review article is to show the concepts and significance of financial literacy and how it can contribute to improving socio economic wellbeing, financial sector development, poverty reduction and sustainable growth in developing countries in Africa. The review covered recent literatures on financial literacy; both theoretical and empirical. The review showed that level of financial literacy is low both in developed and developing countries, but policy and academic response in developing countries in general and Africa in particular is at low level. The results of limited empirical studies implemented to evaluate financial education programs, including those in few African countries, showed that enhancing financial literacy and personal financial decision making capabilities of people would enhance the outcome of financial inclusion and other poverty reduction initiatives for the fact financially literate people can demand and properly use beneficial financial services such as savings, microcredit, insurance. Moreover, enhancing financial literacy is at the advantage of financial service providers and contributes to the development of a stable financial system, a sustainable economic growth. Thus, policy makers and academics in African developing countries need to understand the level of financial literacy in the population in order to devise suitable financial education and other related policy interventions to improve personal financial literacy for its benefits of enhancing individual socio economic welfare and building an inclusive financial system and sustainable economic growth. Key words: Financial literacy, concept and significance, developing countries, African.

The concept of work-life balance developed on the premise that career and personal life should not be seen as competing concerns but as balanced components of one’s overall existence. Initiatives to promote work-life balance become mandatory requirements for employees to maximize productivity and retain talent. This study examines the effect of work-life balance initiatives on organizational citizenship behavior in the case of commercial bank branches in Werabe (Ethiopia). Descriptive and explanatory research designs were employed by using a quantitative research approach. The data was collected through a standard questionnaire. The study used the census method. 150 employees from nine different commercial bank branches in Worabe town were selected to provide the study’s primary data. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The study found that most employees’ perceptions were low for all significant work-life balance initiative variables included in this study; they were also medium in perceiving organizational citizenship behavior. Among the independent variables under investigation, three of them (flexible work arrangements, work leave programs, and dependent care initiatives) have positive and significant effects on organizational citizenship behavior. In contrast, the other two (working hours and workload) negatively and significantly affect organizational citizenship behavior. The beta coefficients of this study indicated that flexible work arrangements have a high effect on organizational citizenship behavior, followed by work leave programs. Therefore, it is better to adopt them in the organization. The influence of the abovementioned variables on organizational citizenship behavior is significant. This study fills this gap and extends the understanding of the role of variables. The bank’s management needs to offer initiatives by allowing employees to schedule their time and assisting and advising them on childcare costs and responsibilities such as schools, offering extended leave if something goes wrong, and sharing charges for education.

Introduction: Efficient resource management is essential for enhancing organizational performance; however, its implementation in micro and small enterprises (MSEs) has received limited academic attention. Taking into account these obvious reasons, this study aims to investigate the influence of resource management practices on the performance of micro and small enterprises in Werabe Town, Ethiopia.Methods: We distributed a structured questionnaire to 265 randomly selected small business operators. Both descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including correlation and regression analysis were used to analyse the collected data.Results: The findings indicate low overall MSE performance, driven by inadequate financial, human resource, material, and information management practices. Based on regression analysis, these four factors explain 64.3% of the variations in performance, showing that they have a positive and statistically significant effect.Conclusion: Therefore, improving financial planning, cash flow, and working capital management is crucial for maintaining efficient financial operations. However, financial efficiency alone is not enough; a formal HR planning process, a well-defined job description, carrying out a recruiting and selection, and establishing a pay system are equally crucial. Additionally, streamlining material requirement planning, procurement processes, and inventory control systems ensures resource availability and operational efficiency. Furthermore, pre-made and streamlined information management software is appropriate to improve the flow of information for better decision-making across financial, human, and material resources.