The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological mechanisms and health resilience of Duroc pigs reared in an outdoor system compared to a conventional indoor system. A total of 24 Duroc pigs (approximately 3 months of age) were randomly assigned to either an indoor (IN, n = 12) or an outdoor (OUT, n = 12) rearing system for a 45-day trial. Growth performance (body weight and ADG) and spleen organ index were not significantly different between the two rearing systems (p > 0.05). Hematological profiles, including leukocyte and erythrocyte indices, showed no significant differences (p > 0.05), although plateletcrit tended to decrease in the OUT group (p = 0.08). For serum biochemical parameters, pigs in the OUT group exhibited significantly higher concentrations of total protein, triglycerides, calcium, and sodium compared to those in the IN group (p < 0.05). Additionally, serum albumin and glucose levels tended to be higher in the OUT group (p < 0.01). No significant differences were observed in liver and muscle enzyme activities (AST, ALP, GGT, CK) between the treatments (p > 0.05). In conclusion, outdoor rearing did not compromise growth performance or induce chronic physiological stress or tissue damage in Duroc pigs. Instead, it promoted active energy and lipid mobilization, enhanced protein metabolism, and improved mineral homeostasis, demonstrating the robust physiological adaptability of the Duroc breed to outdoor environments.

Background: Climate change threatens global food security, highlighting the need for adaptive traits in livestock to ensure sustainable production. Rabbits, known for their unique adaptability, require the preservation of genetic diversity to maintain resilience. The decline in genetic specificity among indigenous breeds underscores the urgency of conservation efforts to protect these critical resources. Objectives: This study investigates the genetic structure and diversity of indigenous rabbit populations, emphasizing genetic mapping as essential for sustaining adaptability. The findings aim to guide breeding programs that enhance biodiversity and support agricultural resilience. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed both native and exotic rabbit breeds. Native breeds included Black Baladi (BB), White Baladi (WB), Red Baladi (RB), and Jabali (JAB), while exotic breeds included New Zealand White (NZW), American Rex (AR), and Chinchilla (CH). Fourteen microsatellite loci were genotyped in 526 rabbits across all breeds. Results: A total of 467 alleles were identified, with an overall mean of 5.03. The expected heterozygote frequencies were medium to high. Polymorphism was high in BB, JAB, and NZW, and medium in WB, RB, AR, and CH. F_IS and F_IT values (−0.044 and 0.156) suggested possible non-intensive inbreeding. F_ST (0.220) showed breed differentiation and high within-breed variation. The gene flow averaged 1.872, indicating interbreed gene exchange. Neutrality and phylogenetic analyses revealed genetic reshaping; BB, WB, RB, AR, CH, and NZW showed overlap, while JAB retained high specificity. Conclusions: Urgent conservation strategies are essential to preserve native rabbit genetic diversity and unique traits, which are vital for sustaining biodiversity and livestock resilience globally.

Background: Climate change threatens global food security, highlighting the need for adaptive traits in livestock to ensure sustainable production. Rabbits, known for their unique adaptability, require the preservation of genetic diversity to maintain resilience. The decline in genetic specificity among indigenous breeds underscores the urgency of conservation efforts to protect these critical resources. Objectives: This study investigates the genetic structure and diversity of indigenous rabbit populations, emphasizing genetic mapping as essential for sustaining adaptability. The findings aim to guide breeding pro-grams that enhance biodiversity and support agricultural resilience. Materials and Methods: The study analyzed both native and exotic rabbit breeds. Native breeds included Black Baladi (BB), White Baladi (WB), Red Baladi (RB), and Jabali (JAB), while exotic breeds included New Zealand White (NZW), American Rex (AR), and Chin-chilla (CH). Fourteen microsatellite loci were genotyped in 526 rabbits across all breeds. Results: A total of 467 alleles were identified, with an overall mean of 5.03. Expected het-erozygote frequencies were medium to high. Polymorphism was high in BB, JAB, and NZW, and medium in WB, RB, AR, and CH. FIS and FIT values (-0.044 and 0.156) suggest-ed possible non-intensive inbreeding. FST (0.220) showed breed differentiation and high within-breed variation. Gene flow averaged 1.872, indicating interbreed gene exchange. Neutrality and phylogenetic analyses revealed genetic reshaping; BB, WB, RB, AR, CH, and NZW showed overlap, while JAB retained high specificity. Conclusion: Urgent con-servation strategies are essential to preserve native rabbit genetic diversity and unique traits, vital for sustaining biodiversity and livestock resilience globally.