Polydatin (PD) has a broad range of pharmacological activities; however, its effects on diabetic liver damage are poorly studies. This work is aimed to explore possible protective effects of polydatin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (PD-CSNPs) or PD against liver damage associated with diabetes. Diabetes was induced in rats using nicotinamide/streptozotocin treatment. Diabetic rats were then divided into six groups: normal control rats, diabetic control rats, and rats orally treated with PD, PD-CSNPs, equivalent unloaded CSNPs, or metformin daily for 4 weeks. Treatment with PD and PD-CSNPs significantly reduced the blood glucose content, lipid peroxidation in the liver, and activities of serum transaminases and carbohydrate metabolism enzymes (including succinate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase); by contrast, liver glycogen content, glutathione concentration, and activities of the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) were markedly increased compared with the control diabetic rats. Furthermore, expression of the tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1β mRNAs was significantly downregulated, while expression of glucose transporter 2 and glucokinase mRNAs was strongly upregulated vs. control diabetic rats. We concluded that PD-CSNPs and PD ameliorate diabetic liver damage by modulating glucose transporter 2 expression, affecting the activity of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes, and suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation, PD-CSNPs being more efficient than PD, probably due to higher bioavailability and prolonged release.

One of the synthetic pyrethroid pesticides is Cypermethrin (CYP) which has been widely used in Egypt. CYP is primarily believed to be safe for ordinary application. Many studies presented its neural and reproductive toxicity in nonmammalian, mammalian and different animal species. Up till now, there is not enough information known about the reproductive toxicity mechanism induced by the CYP and there is no sufficient data for the protection against its toxicity. Our study focuses on the toxic effects induced by CYP in the testis and brain tissues by detecting some apoptosis markers (Caspase3, p53 and Bcl-2) and estimating FSH, LH and testosterone hormones in serum. Sesame oil (S. oil) is considered as a potent antioxidant and dietary supplement but its molecular protective effects are still unclear. Four groups contain healthy adults’ rats (age- and weight-matched): the normal control group, S. oil group (2 ml/kg b.wt./day), CYP group (3 ml/kg b.wt./day) and the last group treated with S. oil plus CYP. The treatment was continuous for 60 days. In CYP group biochemical analysis showed a reduction in the serum levels of testosterone, LH and FSH hormones, an increase in brain and testis Caspase3 and p53 expression besides the detectable decrease in Bcl-2 expression. Pretreatment with S. oil effectively protected against such biochemical changes, counteracted the CYP-altering the expression of Caspase3, p53 and upregulated Bcl-2 expression in testis and brain tissues. In Conclusion, S. oil has an ameliorative potency against biochemical alternations and apoptosis produced by CYP in tissues of the brain and testis of rats.

Inflammation is a condition that is closely linked to diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM), short for T2DM several different antidiabetic medications have been produced to regulate hyperglycemia, with indications that these therapies may have anti-inflammatory effects along with their glucose-lowering efficacy. Thus, this research was planned to explore the impact of antidiabetic agents on the cytokine expression levels —interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-37 when patients have T2DM.

Olanzapine (OLZ), one of the second-generation antipsychotics, is effective in stress accompanying with chronic psychiatric disease. But the effect of chronic long-standing use of OLZ administration on the liver and its association with metabolic side effects plus weight gain is still unclear. The objective of our study was to evaluate the antioxidant effect of Hypericum perforatum (HP) on OLZ-induced oxidative stress, biochemical disturbance, and histological alteration in the rat’s liver. Forty male wistar albino rats were allocated as follows: normal control rats (group 1), rats treated with OLZ at a dose of 27.0 mg/kg/day (group 2), group 3 (treated with HP at a dose of 81.0 mg/kg/day) and group 4 (received HP plus OLZ at the same doses). The results revealed that the OLZ-administration led to a significant elevation (***P < 0.001) in the levels of MDH, blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, liver function parameters and weight gain while a significant decrease (***P < 0.001) in activities of liver SOD and GSH was found. In addition to structural damage in the liver’s tissue. These findings were evaluated the toxic effects of chronic administration of OLZ. While HP supplementation caused a significant improvement (⁺⁺P <0.05, ⁺⁺⁺P < 0.001) in liver biomarkers, metabolic parameters, and oxidative stress index besides inhibit the histological damage of liver tissue.

Background: HCV eradication improves both hepatic and non-hepatic outcomes, as well as metabolic disorders like insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Aim: The study's purpose is to know if improved diabetic status was correlated with a reduction in systemic oxidative stress following viral eradication in diabetic HCV patients. It also aims to examine the role of systemic IFN-γ production frequency in diabetes managements, as well as its influence on insulin resistance. Patients and methods: The following groups were formed from a total of 115 people: Group 1 consisted of 40 healthy volunteers who served as controls, and Group 2 consisted of 75 diabetic HCV-patients who received direct-acting antiviral regimen (DAA) therapy. Patients were diagnosed at baseline (before) and after therapy with sustained virologic response using laboratory testing. Results: Generally, this study found that HCV clearance significantly ameliorates fasting blood glucose, HbA1c %, and HOMA-IR, as well as MDA, GPX activity, and GSH content, while NF-κB and Nrf2 mRNA expression levels are downregulated and upregulated, respectively. Moreover, the plasma level of IFN-γ was significantly decreased following treatment. Conclusion: The correlation between oxidative stress and viral load, as well as the reduction in MDA and improvement in antioxidant biomarkers, may have a role in diabetes and liver function improvement after HCV eradication.