Background: The foramen of Arnold (FA) and foramen of Vesalius (FV) are two inconstant small openings through the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. When FA is present, the lesser petrosal nerve passes through it. FV usually contains an emissary vein that connects the cavernous sinus to the pterygoid plexus. Objectives: To assess the presence, unilaterally or bilaterally, of the aforementioned inconstant foramina in order to gain a better insight into the anatomic variability of the middle cranial fossa. Methods: We analyzed five hundred random unenhanced CT examinations of human dry skulls from the “Francisc I. Rainer” Craniological Collection of the Human Anthropological Institute in Bucharest, Romania. The collection holds substantial anthropological and radiological value, as dry skulls allow the use of higher spatial-resolution imaging parameters and thus better detection of the small osseous structures. All scans were performed on the same Multi-Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) scanner (Canon Aquilion One 64 slice, Canon Medical Systems Corporation) in the Department of Radiology of the Bucharest Emergency University Hospital. After collecting data, appropriate statistical analysis was performed. Results: FA was absent in 355 (71%) skulls and present in 145 (29%) skulls, bilaterally in 33 (6.6%) skulls, and unilaterally in 112 (22.4%) skulls. FV was absent in 151 (30.2%) skulls and present in 349 (69.8%) skulls, bilaterally in 223 (44.6%) skulls, and unilaterally in 126 (25.2%) skulls. Conclusions: The great variability in the prevalence of these foramina may be partly explained by the different methods of analysis of the skull base, as well as the different population subgroups on which the research has been focused. Knowledge of this variability holds great importance for anatomists, anthropologists, as well as clinicians who interact with this complex area.

Background/Objectives: The genital tubercle develops in the fourth week from mesenchymal cells in the lateral edges of the embryo. In females the genital tubercle develops into the clitoris while in males it participates in forming the penis. The aim of this study was to perform a macroscopic as well as an ultrasonographic assessment of the genital tubercle and its gender-dependent derivates, presenting a parallel comparative evaluation between the two. Methods: We performed a morphological assessment of the genital tubercle through micro-dissection of 141 embryos and fetuses with gestational ages between 5 and 14 weeks, in the Department of Anatomy of “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy. An ultrasound imaging study of the genital tubercle using 3-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) was also performed in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of University Emergency Hospital of Bucharest. The morphology of the genital tubercle was analyzed by ultrasound scanning of 119 embryos and fetuses with gestational ages between 5 and 14 weeks. The age of all the embryos was determined by measuring the crown–rump length. Results: The dimensions and especially the direction of the genital tubercle were evaluated and compared in order to establish whether sex determination is possible as early as 7–8 weeks of gestation. The genital tubercle orientates cranially in males and caudally in females as early as 6 weeks of gestation, during the bi-potential phase. Conclusions: The orientation of the genital tubercle plays an essential role in establishing the sex of the fetus, regardless of its size.

Background/Objectives: Identification of unknown individuals is an essential part of Forensic Medicine. Recent anthropological research has demonstrated subtle but consistent sexual dimorphism in the sella turcica, while indicating comparatively limited population-specific differences in its size, shape, and contour. The aim of this paper is to analyze the variability and sexual dimorphism of the sphenoid bone and to determine if there are statistically significant correlations between the sella turcica dimensions and the degree of pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus. Materials and Methods: We analyzed five hundred random unenhanced CT examinations of human dry skulls from the “Francisc I. Rainer” Craniological Collection of the Human Anthropological Institute in Bucharest, Romania. The “Francisc I. Rainer” Craniological Collection is a modern osteological collection of almost 6800 skulls that have been collected and prepared by Prof. Rainer during the first half of the XXth century. Most of the specimens are of Romanian origin, prepared during the interwar period, and over 3000 adult skulls are of known sex and age. Consequently, 600 CT examinations of Romanian patients underwent cerebral CT in the University Emergency Hospital of Bucharest. The overall sample (dried skulls and the skulls of the contemporary living individuals) consisted of 1100 CT examinations of skulls, 619 males and 481 females, with ages between 19 and 93 years. Results: we identified statistically significant differences regarding the degree of pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus (SS) between the two groups as a whole, with the conchal and presellar types being more frequent in the dry skull group, and the sellar and postsellar types being more frequent in the patient group. When analyzing whether there were correlations between the degree of pneumatization of the SS and the diameters of the sella turcica (ST), we identified a weak, but statistically significant negative correlation between the sella turcica height (STH) and the postsellar pneumatization type. This suggests that the smaller sellar heights tend to be associated with the postsellar type of SS. Type III interclinoid osseous bridges were more frequent in the contemporary living patients’ group. Conclusions: Knowledge of such variability of the sphenoid bone holds great importance in Forensic Sciences, as it may aid in the process of identification of individuals or human remains.