Grapes (Vitis vinifera) are extensively grown in tropical and sub-tropical climate for its wine as well as direct consumption as table grapes or raisin. Grape production substantially contributes to the economy of smallholder farmers of developing countries. Despite the relevance of grape production in the international market and the potential for boosting rural economy, the automation in grape production is very low. Mechanization in grapevine cultivation is an indispensable factor for timely operations and cost-savings. Therefore, the technological interventions for grapes production as well as its management in vineyards have been reviewed in the paper. Vineyards are undergoing a gradual transformation into a mechanized way with the advent of newer and ready to adopt technologies like planting, pruning, weeding, spraying, fertilizer application, irrigation and harvesting. However, selective in nature, some operations are still carried out manually like pruning, weeding, and harvesting in developing countries. Although complete mechanization is possible for each production and cultivation process tedious and labor-consuming practices must be prioritized for mechanization and automation. This review systematically summarizes the existing technologies and explores the future prospects for researchers to automate grapevine production and crop management technology for grapevine cultivation.

The rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS) in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India is a dominant food production model, but its conventional management practices, viz., puddled transplanted rice (PTR) and conventionally tilled wheat (CTW), are highly energy-intensive, leading to excessive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, lower energy use efficiency (EUE), and soil degradation. This 15-year field study, using a split–split plot design, evaluated the impact of various crop establishment methods on crop productivity, energy use, carbon indices, and GHG emissions under RWCS. Conservation agriculture (CA)-based practices such as zero-till direct-seeded rice (ZTDSR), dry-seeded rice (DSDSR), and zero-till wheat (ZTW) and wheat sown with a Turbo Happy Seeder with residue retention (THSW + R) were compared with conventional systems. The results showed that ZTDSR and THSW + R significantly reduced total input energy, fossil fuel use, and irrigation water demand, resulting in 14–21% energy savings compared to PTR-CTW systems. ZTDSR-THSW + R emerged as the most energy-efficient combination, recording the highest EUE (13.6) and the lowest system-specific grain energy (9.5 MJ kg⁻¹), reducing global warming potential by over 50%. Despite slightly lower rice yields under ZTDSR, system productivity remained comparable due to superior wheat performance. Carbon output (8,907 kg C ha⁻¹) and carbon efficiency ratio (11.43) were higher under CA-based treatments for wheat due to greater biomass returns and reduced carbon inputs (2,293 kg C ha⁻¹). Integrating zero-till and residue management practices in RWCS enhances energy efficiency, improves sustainability metrics, and reduces environmental footprints. These findings support a transition from conventional to CA-based systems for climate-resilient, resource-efficient agriculture in the IGP and similar agroclimatic zones.