Number of sclerotic glomeruli increases during the aging process. Consequently, majority of remained nonsclerosed glomeruli become hypertrophic and some of them sclerotic, too. The aim of this study was to quantify the size and connective tissue content of nonsclerosed glomeruli and to evaluate the percentage of hypertrophic ones in examined human cases during the aging. Material was right kidney's tissue of 30 cadavers obtained during routine autopsies. Cadavers were without previously diagnosed kidney disease, diabetes, hypertension, or any other systemic disease. Tissue specimens were routinely prepared for histological and morphometric analysis. Images of the histological slices were analyzed and captured under 400x magnification with digital camera. Further they were morphometrically and statistically analyzed with ImageJ and NCSS-PASS software. Multiple and linear regression of obtained morphometric parameters showed significant increase of glomerular connective tissue area and percentage. Cluster analysis showed the presence of two types of glomeruli. Second type was characterized with significantly larger size, connective tissue content, and significantly lower cellularity, in relation to the first type. Such glomeruli might be considered as hypertrophic. First type of glomeruli was predominant in younger cases, while second type of glomeruli was predominant in cases older than 55 years.

Background: Aging is a multifactorial process, which inevitably leads to numerous changes in the life of each individual. As the lifespan of people around the world has increased, scientists began to study the mechanisms that would enable high-quality and safe aging. In this review, the focus is on showing the effect of aging on the characteristics of pituitary cells. Methods: In order to write this review, we undertook an electronic literature search through the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using the terms aging, histological, ultrastructure of pituitary cells, also using the "related articles" option. We also analyzed authored and co-authored articles, which were necessary for this type of publication. Results: This review article describes the immuno-histological, ultrastructural and morphometric characteristics of adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), somatotropic (GH), gonadotropic (LH) and folliculostellate (FS) pituitary cells during aging, in young (about 47 years) and old (over 70 years) human cadavers. Conclusions: The described immunohistological and morphometric characteristics of pituitary cells in this review showed that the volume density of ACTH, GH and LH cells was statistically increased (p<0.05) in old cadavers, which indicates an attempt by these cells to bring the pituitary gland to a relatively balanced state.

Introduction/Objective. In this study, we have pointed out the immunohistomorphometric characteristics of somatotropic (GH) and folliculostellate (FS) cells of the male pituitary gland during ageing. Methods. On histological sections of the pituitary gland of 14 male cadavers of different ages, the GH and FS cells were immunohistochemically labeled with corresponding antibodies, monoclonal anti-GH antibody, and polyclonal anti-S100 antibody, respectively. Immunopositive GH- and FS-cells were further morphometrically analyzed using ImageJ software. Results. The obtained results of morphometric analysis showed that the surface area of GH cells increased significantly with age. In these cells, the nuclear?cytoplasmic ratio gradually decreased and became significantly higher after the age of 70 years. The volume density of GH cells has not changed during ageing, while in FS cells this parameter significantly increased in the cases older than 70 years. The nuclear?cytoplasmic ratio of GH cells is negatively correlated with the volume density of FS cells. Conclusion. Based on the obtained results, we concluded that hypertrophy of GH and FS cells occurs in men with ageing and that correlation between the morphometric parameters of these two cell types indicates their mutual interaction.

The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in human endoneurium during aging. We harvested 15 cadaveric sural nerves, distributed in 3 age groups (I: 25-44, II: 45-64, III: 65-86 years old). Histological sections were stained immunohistochemically for the presence of collagen type I, type IV and laminin, and the ImageJ processing program was used in morphometrical analysis to determine the percentages of these endoneurial proteins. In two younger groups, the endoneurial matrix of the sural nerve was composed from about equal proportions of these proteins, which may be considered a favorable microenvironment for the regeneration of nerve fibers. Linear regression analysis showed a significant increase in endoneurial collagen type IV with age, while collagen type I and laminin significantly decreased during the aging process. In cases older than 65 years, remodeling of the endoneurial matrix was observed to be significantly higher for the presence of collagen type IV, and lower for the expression of collagen type I and laminin. This age-related imbalance of ECM proteins could represent a disadvantageous microenvironment for nerve fiber regeneration in older adults. Our findings contribute to the development of therapeutic approaches for peripheral nerve regeneration.

Introduction/Objective. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of prolonged exposure (4, 7, 14, 21, 60 days) of rats to moderately high ambient temperature (35 ? 1?C) on the immunohistomorphometric parameters of pituitary somatotrophic (GH) cells. Methods. The experiment was conducted on 42 adult Wistar rats, equally divided into six experimental groups (n = 7). Five were continuously exposed to a temperature of 35 ? 1?C, while the control group was kept at 20 ? 2?C. GH cells were visualized using the peroxidase?antiperoxidase immunohistochemical method. The morphometric analysis was conducted using the M42 multipurpose test system. Results. Rats from all experimental groups had significantly (p < 0.05) reduced body mass compared with the control. After four and 14 days of exposure to moderate heat, the absolute pituitary weight was significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 23.1% and 27.7%, respectively, in comparison with the control. GH cells in all groups were oval and located near capillaries with numerous dark granules. Morphometric analysis of cellular and nuclear volumes of GH cells in the experimental group significantly decreased (p < 0.05) compared with the control group. Conclusion. It can be concluded that chronic exposure of adult male rats to moderately high ambient temperatures reduced the immunohistomorphometric parameters of GH cells.