Carbon dioxide sequestration by microalgae is receiving increased attention in alternative impact of increasing CO₂ in the atmosphere. For this study, we have chosen three different microalgae such as Chlorococcum humicola, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus quadricauda were treated with 3 W/m² UV-B radiation in different time durations (10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min) and supplemented with bold basal medium. Parameters such as Total Chlorophyll, protein, Carbohydrate, and CO₂ fixation rate were determined. Based on the parameters Scenedesmus quadricauda is used for carbon sequestration study. Different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate (0.2%–1%) were supplemented to bold basal medium for carbon utilization it can act as an alternative source of atmospheric CO₂. In this maximum amount of chlorophyll content were observed in 0.6% of Sodium bicarbonate. The uttermost amount of CO₂ fixation rate and lipid content was recorded at 0.4% sodium bicarbonate concentration. Finally, the result indicated that Scenedesmus quadricauda could be used for CO₂ mitigation and having a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acid. Further urea and glucose in the media positively influence growth and CO₂ fixation rate of micro algae. These carbon and PUFA rich microalgae can be used as dietary feed fish usually obtain necessary nutrients via bioaccumulation through the food chain. Thus, this study proves to be an encouraging source of discovery of alternating the dietary source for fish and also helping in carbon utilization process in a natural way.

Biowaste originating from aquaculture sector represents a potential feedstock to produce value-added substances and materials like chitin and chitosan. They are the long chain polymers of N-acetylglucosamine polymers with huge industrial and biomedical significance. Chitin has long been recognized as a useful biomaterial for drug delivery and neurological therapy. Similarly, chitosan oligosaccharide, a short chain polymer derived from chitin/chitosan, has been identified for its potential biomedical applications, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-Alzheimer action. Chitosan nanoparticles are also used extensively in biomedical applications. Here we have critically summarized various methods for the extraction of chitin, chitosan, and chitooligossacharides and chitosan nanoparticle preparation and their diverse biomedical applications.

The vaginal microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining physiological homeostasis and protecting against pathogenic invasion. Dysbiosis, or imbalance in the vaginal microbiota, is associated with increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections like human papillomavirus, which is linked to cervical cancer. Traditional herbal medicine, such as "Chithiramoola Kuligai" (CMK), offers potential as an alternative therapeutic approach, yet its antimicrobial efficacy remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the antimicrobial activity of CMK against a range of microbial pathogens, including bacteria and fungi. Time-kill kinetics assays were also conducted to investigate the dynamic interaction between CMK and microbial populations over time. Agar well diffusion assays assessed CMK's susceptibility to diverse microbes. Broth microdilution assays determined Minimum Inhibitory Concentration against individual pathogens. Time-kill kinetics explored CMK's concentration-dependent efficacy and mechanisms. CMK exhibited significant inhibitory activity against both bacterial and fungal strains. The zone of inhibition (ZOI) for CMK ranged from 12mm to 31mm, depending on the strain and concentration. MIC values indicated potent antimicrobial effects, particularly against gram-positive bacteria and Candida albicans. For example, the MIC values for S. aureus and E. coli were 75 mg/ml, while for L. acidophilus and C. albicans, it was 50 mg/ml. Time-kill kinetics analysis revealed concentration-dependent efficacy, with decreased viable bacterial and fungal counts observed at concentrations equal to or greater than the MIC. CMK exhibits significant antimicrobial activity, supporting its traditional use in infectious disease treatment. Further research is needed to understand its mechanisms and optimize efficacy, indicating CMK's potential as a novel antimicrobial agent.