This study examines the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and green banking practices on the financial and risk sustainability of commercial banks in Bangladesh. Using panel data of 300 observations over the period 2013 to 2024, this study employed random effects regression models to assess how CSR and green banking influence profitability, financial stability, and risk exposure. A System GMM model is additionally used to address endogeneity concerns and validate the robustness of the results. The empirical findings indicate that CSR engagement by banks contributes positively to financial performance with superior shareholder returns. This positive relationship remains robust under the GMM framework. CSR also shows a significant negative association with non-performing loans, which becomes stronger after controlling for endogeneity. Green banking practices also exhibit a positive and statistically significant relationship with ROE under the baseline model. However, this relationship becomes statistically insignificant in the GMM estimation, indicating that the effects of green banking are sensitive to endogeneity.

The general perception is that disclosure improves monitoring, which reduces managements’ ability to exploit corporate resources. Hence, the purpose of the study is to investigate whether disclosure increases investment efficiencies. Thirty Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) listed companies, ranging from 2006 to 2020, are selected to test the hypothesis. Then, firm-specific investment is estimated as a function of sales growth. The residual from this estimation is considered as the deviation from the expected investment. Afterwards, a disclosure scoring system is developed based on 28 criteria that encompass both financial and non-financial disclosure. Using the multinomial logit model, the likelihood of under-invest or over-invest is predicted based on the disclosure practices. The overall disclosure level of Bangladeshi listed companies is quite low. The result suggests that disclosure practices have a significant impact on investment efficiency. If the disclosure increases, the likelihood of under-invest or over-invest decreases. The study is conducted on Bangladeshi data, which have not been done before. Moreover, in this study, both financial and non-financial disclosure is considered. Hence, the findings would be beneficial for academics, managers and regulators to have a better understanding of disclosure practices and their influence on investment efficiency.

The general perception is that disclosure improves monitoring, which reduces managements' ability to exploit corporate resources. Hence, the purpose of the study is to investigate whether disclosure increases investment efficiencies. Thirty Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) listed companies, ranging from 2006 to 2020, are selected to test the hypothesis. Then, firm-specific investment is estimated as a function of sales growth. The residual from this estimation is considered as the deviation from the expected investment. Afterwards, a disclosure scoring system is developed based on 28 criteria that encompass both financial and non-financial disclosure. Using the multinomial logit model, the likelihood of under-invest or over-invest is predicted based on the disclosure practices. The overall disclosure level of Bangladeshi listed companies is quite low. The result suggests that disclosure practices have a significant impact on investment efficiency. If the disclosure increases, the likelihood of under-invest or over-invest decreases. The study is conducted on Bangladeshi data, which have not been done before. Moreover, in this study, both financial and non-financial disclosure is considered. Hence, the findings would be beneficial for academics, managers and regulators to have a better understanding of disclosure practices and their influence on investment efficiency.

Recent studies indicate that financial reports have become increasingly lengthy and complex. This complexity may pose challenges for individual investors, who might struggle to interpret these intricate annual reports effectively. However, banks have a distinct advantage, as they can access private information about borrowing companies. In Bangladesh's rapidly expanding corporate sector, where firms frequently seek financing through equity and debt, understanding the impact of financial statement complexity is crucial. This study aims to explore how the intricate nature of financial reports influences both bank loan dependency and share prices. The analysis focuses on fifty companies listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) over the period from 2013 to 2023. Data on financial statements and debt financing were collected from annual reports, with complexity assessed based on two parameters: the length and readability of the financial statements. The results suggest a correlation where increased complexity in financial statements is associated with a greater reliance on bank loans. However, the complexity of financial statements appears to have no significant impact on investors' behavior, as reflected in the return estimates. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing evidence of the financial report complexity of Bangladeshi listed companies and its impact on bank loan dependency and share prices.

Recent studies indicate that financial reports have become increasingly lengthy and complex. This complexity may pose challenges for individual investors, who might struggle to interpret these intricate annual reports effectively. However, banks have a distinct advantage, as they can access private information about borrowing companies. In Bangladesh’s rapidly expanding corporate sector, where firms frequently seek financing through equity and debt, understanding the impact of financial statement complexity is crucial. This study aims to explore how the intricate nature of financial reports influences both bank loan dependency and share prices. The analysis focuses on fifty companies listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) over the period from 2013 to 2023. Data on financial statements and debt financing were collected from annual reports, with complexity assessed based on two parameters: the length and readability of the financial statements. The results suggest a correlation where increased complexity in financial statements is associated with a greater reliance on bank loans. However, the complexity of financial statements appears to have no significant impact on investors' behavior, as reflected in the return estimates. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing evidence of the financial report complexity of Bangladeshi listed companies and its impact on bank loan dependency and share prices.