Deep fractured-porous carbonate reservoirs used for underground gas storage (UGS) experience simultaneous changes in temperature and effective stress during cyclic injection and withdrawal, so predicting permeability evolution is essential for evaluating long-term injectivity and deliverability. Using the Xiangguosi UGS as the engineering background, we measured steady-state gas permeability of three fractured-porous carbonate cores under representative conditions (20–80 °C; 15–35 MPa). Permeability decreases nonlinearly under coupled loading: changing temperature or effective stress alone typically reduces permeability by 30–70%, while the maximum reduction under concurrent increases in both variables exceeds 80% relative to the reference condition. An exponential model was fitted to quantify the decay parameter of permeability with effective stress (0.038–0.046 MPa⁻¹) and with temperature (0.016–0.020 °C⁻¹). In addition, the temperature-related exponential decay parameter decreases with increasing effective stress, because compliant fractures and larger pores are progressively pre-closed, weakening the permeability response to temperature. Finally, we propose a parsimonious separable exponential model that reproduces the measurements with a mean relative error below 12%, providing a practical constitutive relation for multiphysics simulations of UGS in fractured-porous carbonates.

Understanding dry-out-induced weakening of reservoir and caprock rocks driven by gas displacement is critical for ensuring the operational safety and efficiency of underground gas storage (UGS). Using core samples from the Xiangguosi UGS collected from different regions and stratigraphic intervals, we quantify the evolution of dynamic elastic parameters during simulated downhole dry-out with a joint ultrasonic and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) monitoring system. The results show that as water saturation (S_w) decreases, the dynamic bulk modulus (K_d) and P-wave velocity (V_p) decline by varying degrees across specimens, with reductions ranging from 3.0% to 50.48% and from 1.34% to 17.56%, respectively, whereas the dynamic shear modulus (G_d) and S-wave velocity (V_s) show only minor variations throughout the process. These findings demonstrate that the sensitivity of dynamic parameters to dry-out is strongly specimen-dependent. Further analysis indicates that the dry-out response is highly variable and depends on a combination of petrophysical properties. Among these, the heterogeneity of the initial pore structure acts as an important factor, with its influence shaped by mineralogy and bulk frame rigidity. Cores with multimodal pore size distributions and well-developed macropores (long T₂ components) respond more strongly to dry-out, whereas higher clay mineral contents tend to mitigate modulus degradation by retaining water under stronger capillary confinement. Based on these observations, we propose a conceptual model of pore support and skeleton constraint. The model suggests that dry-out weakening arises from a progressive loss of pore fluid volumetric support to the rock skeleton as free water is preferentially displaced from meso- and macropores. These findings provide key experimental evidence and mechanistic insights for using geophysical methods to monitor dry-out zone expansion and to assess long-term formation stability in UGS.