This study employs a systematic review approach to evaluate the effects of biofeedback (BFB) methods on athletic performance and psychological well-being. In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, TR Index, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed were searched for studies published between 2000 and 2024; of 88 identified papers, 24 met the inclusion criteria for qualitative analysis. The interventions examined included electromyography (EMG), electroencephalography (EEG), electrodermal activity (EDA), heart rate variability (HRV), thermal feedback, and isokinetic dynamometry. These methods were found to reduce muscle tension, enhance autonomic nervous system balance, improve mental focus, and facilitate stress regulation. Specifically, EMG-based feedback supported motor learning by increasing muscle strength and proprioceptive awareness, while EEG-based neurofeedback enhanced performance consistency and mental endurance under pressure. EDA and HRV protocols effectively modulated stress-induced physiological responses, and thermal feedback bolstered relaxation strategies. Although the findings underscore BFB's role as an interdisciplinary tool for optimizing athletes' physical and psychological processes, further large-scale, longitudinal studies are necessary to confirm its long-term efficacy and to develop sport-specific application protocols.

Background and Objectives: Percussive massage devices (PMDs) are increasingly used as warm-up tools to enhance neuromuscular performance; however, evidence regarding the optimal intensity and its interaction with circadian variation remains limited. This study examined the acute effects of two percussive massage intensities (low: 28 Hz; moderate: 35 Hz) compared with no massage on change-of-direction (COD) performance, vertical jump kinetics, and neuromuscular variables in trained male football players across morning and evening sessions. Materials and Methods: Eighteen trained male football players completed a randomized, counterbalanced crossover design involving three protocols (no massage, 28 Hz, and 35 Hz) performed in both morning (09:00–11:00) and evening (17:00–19:00) sessions following a standardized warm-up protocol. COD performance (T-Test and Illinois COD Test), countermovement jump height, and model-derived kinetic variables were assessed. Results: Significant main effects of the protocol were observed for T-test performance, jump height, velocity-related variables, and kinetic outcomes (p < 0.001; large effect sizes), with both percussive massage intensities outperforming the no-massage condition. Significant protocol × time-of-day interactions emerged for jump height, force, and impulse-related variables (p < 0.05), indicating greater morning-specific benefits following moderate-intensity (35 Hz) massage. The Illinois COD Test showed no significant protocol-related changes. Conclusions: Acute percussive massage enhances COD performance and vertical jump-related outcomes in trained football players. While both intensities are effective for general performance enhancement, moderate-intensity massage (35 Hz) appears to be more effective for optimizing force–time characteristics and attenuating morning-related performance decrements. These findings support the inclusion of intensity- and time-specific percussive massage strategies in warm-up routines.

The aim of this study is to examine the developmental gains achieved by individuals with Down syndrome in Malatya through regular participation in physical activities, from the perspective of their parents. The study is based on semi-structured interviews conducted with 9 parents (6 females, 3 males) working part-time at Down Cafe in Malatya and participating in physical activities. A qualitative research method was used, and data were collected through a semi-structured interview form and demographic information. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis, and descriptive analyses were performed. The data were categorized into six main themes: emotional development, social development, motor development, physical activity development, daily living skills development, and behavior change. The findings indicate that children with Down syndrome who participated in regular physical activities showed increased motivation, positive behavioral changes, improved communication skills, and enhanced motor abilities. Additionally, it was observed that these children engaged in harmonious interactions with their peers, lived according to rules, and supported their development through physical activities. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that regular physical activities significantly improve the social, emotional, and physical development of individuals with Down syndrome and contribute to the enhancement of their daily living skills. Future research should explore the effects of different physical activity programs and involve larger sample groups. Moreover, it is emphasized that physical activities should be more effectively integrated into rehabilitation processes.Keywords: Down Syndrome, Physical activity, Rehabilitation.