Phosphorus is one of the important elements of plant nutrition that affect crop productivity. Increasing the availability of phosphorus through the use of microbial inoculants capable of stimulating soybean growth on saline soils is a promising solution to the problem. However, most phosphate-solubilizing bacteria are not capable of the growth and mobilization of phosphates on saline soils. The purpose of this study was to isolate phosphate-solubilizing salt-tolerant bacteria from the soybean rhizosphere and to study their salt tolerance, phosphate solubilization, and ability to influence soybean growth in saline soils. Phosphate-solubilizing isolates were obtained from the soybean rhizosphere. Their ability to grow and mobilize phosphates under conditions of high salt stress was studied, after which five strains were selected. Identification by the Sanger molecular genetic method showed that the strains were Pseudomonas rhizosphaerae FT2, Ps. koreensis FT4, Ps. sp. FM9, Bacillus pumilus FM12, and B. sp. FC11. The production of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid under high salt stress was studied and three strains (FT4, FM12, and FC11) were selected in which the production of indole-3-acetic acid under salt stress decreased slightly by 20-22%. Inoculation with bacteria significantly mitigated salt stress, as evidenced by the growth indicators of soybeans; the weight of roots increased by 1.9-2.1 times, the weight of soybean shoots by 2.0-2.2 times, the weight of leaves by 2.5-3.5 times and the number of nodules by 1.7-2.0 times compared to the control variant without inoculation. The study showed that inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing salt-tolerant bacteria increased plant resistance to salt stress, improved growth, and promoted the ecological adaptation of soybeans. Based on the isolated strains, it is possible to develop inoculants for crops growing on saline soils, which is a promising strategy.

Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) and microbial biocontrol agents have emerged as key tools for improving crop productivity while maintaining environmental sustainability. However, central questions remain regarding which factors determine their consistent field performance and how these factors interact under real agronomic conditions. Previous research has demonstrated that PGPMs enhance nutrient acquisition, regulate phytohormone balance, improve stress tolerance, and suppress plant pathogens through diverse biochemical and ecological mechanisms. Advances in omics technologies, genome mining, and synthetic microbial communities have further expanded understanding of their functional potential. Nevertheless, many studies rely on laboratory-scale experiments or short-term trials, with limited multi-season and cross-regional validation. This gap contributes to inconsistent field outcomes and restricts large-scale agricultural adoption. Long-term multi-season validation and reproducibility assessment remain essential priorities for improving reliability of microbial agricultural products. This review synthesizes recent advances in PGPM-based biofertilizers and microbial biocontrol technologies, critically examining their mechanisms of action, scalability constraints, formulation challenges, and regulatory limitations. It identifies major translational barriers, including context dependency, mechanistic uncertainties, reproducibility gaps, and insufficient systems-level integration.

The roots rot of sugar beet caused by the soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi genera Fusarium and Alternaria are serious causes yield loss in the world. In this study, the antagonistic cellulolytic bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of sugar beet plants. The cellulase, antifungal, and growth-promoting activities of strains were examined, and one strain Bacillus cytaseus C-82 was selected. When C-82 was tested for its fungal inhibition and biological control activity under field conditions against root rot of sugar beet, it significantly reduced the disease and increased sugar beet yields by 30–34 c/ha relative to the untreated control plants.

Soil salinity is a significant constraint on agricultural productivity and disturbs the availability of nutritional elements necessary for plants, such as phosphorus. Microorganisms have specialized adaptation features, such as tolerance to salt, stimulation of growth, and the ability to promote plant survival under saline conditions. The objectives of this investigation were to isolate new salt-tolerant, phosphate-solubilizing bacterial strains, assess their phosphate-solubilizing activity, and investigate the mechanisms of phosphate mobilization under salinity stress. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria were isolated from saline pasture soils in southeastern Kazakhstan, and their salt tolerance and phosphate-solubilizing activity were identified. Three highly active strains were selected and identified by Sanger-based molecular genetic analysis: Enterobacter cloacae FY3, Pseudomonas putida FT4, and Bacillus megaterium F7A. Organic acid production by these strains under salt stress was analyzed using gas chromatography. The results indicated that the strains produced 12 organic acids, with differences in composition and amount between strains. The most important phosphate solubilization mechanism under salinity stress is the secretion of organic acids. Organic acid secretion, pH reduction, and increased soluble phosphorus content were positively correlated. These findings provide an effective method for phosphorus mobilization in salt soils, and the recovered strains are likely candidates for making biofertilizers applicable to salt environments. These new strains are candidates for the development of biofertilizers for saline soils.

The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the research conducted on the chemical constituents and biological characteristics of Plantago major, Plantaginaceae. Methods: A comprehensive search of scientific databases, including Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Researchgate and other online collections were extensively utilized. For efficient re-trieval, specific keywords like “Plantaginaceae”, “Plantago major bio-active compounds ”, “Plantago major. phyto-chemicals”, “Plantago major L. pharmacological activities”, and “Plantago major’’ traditional uses”. Results: The medicinal benefits of herbal plants are recognized worldwide, and numerous scientific studies have been conducted to validate their effectiveness. Additionally, the emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms in recent years has prompted researchers to investigate the effects of medicinal plants on these pathogens. Plantago major one a such plant the healing properties have been acknowledged worldwide for numerous years. This particular plant contains various potent chemical compounds, including alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, fatty acids, polysaccharides, vitamins, phenolic acid derivatives, and iridoid glycosides. These constituents contribute to its therapeutic effects and its wide range of medicinal qualities, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and anti-ulcer properties. The main objective of this review is to highlight the potential use of Plantago major extracts as herbal remedies and explore their extensive therapeutic capabilities. Conclusion: Plantago major plays a significant role in the treatment of various diseases and specific health conditions, including diarrhoea, ulcers, bacterial infections, inflammation, and cancer. Research has demonstrated that this plant contains multiple classes of essential bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, fatty acids, vitamins, iridoid glycosides, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds like caffeic acid. The therapeutic properties and biological activity of Plantago major are largely attributed to these active chemical components. However, further research is needed to fully understand the precise mechanisms and activities of the primary bioactive compounds responsible for treating specific diseases.