The e-learning environment is essentially helpful for improving the autonomous learning skills of the DHH learners. Facing numerous resources online, DHH learners need support to choose the right learning materials. This can be done by recommending suitable learning objects to similar types of learners. Hence, this research attempts to explore the possibilities of forming micro clusters from the group of DHH learners to improve the recommendation. As a result of k-means, three different micro clusters are formed. So, from the initial analysis, it is identified that the formation of micro clusters is possible, and features such as communication and learning ways play an important role in forming the well-defined micro clusters. This will definitely help the teachers in traditional classrooms and recommendation engines in e-learning to explore the micro clusters of learners with same learning patterns and communication preferences to appropriately stream the right pedagogical methods.

People with disabilities, including deaf and hard of hearing (DHH), face numerous resources online and need support to choose the right learning materials according to their preferences in communication and learning style. Content recommendation engines may help the DHH learners by suggesting the best possible matching resources to find out the suitable learning materials according to the preferences of learners. Content recommenders that use tag-based clustering techniques reduce the search space by filtering learning objects that match users’ search keywords at the first level and then present the learning objects with the specified accessibility preferences in terms of communication and learning style in the next level. This chapter presents a detailed study focusing on the tag-based content recommender systems in the e-Learning domain that support learners with sensory impairment, especially DHH learners. <!----> <!----> <!----> <!---->

An adaptive e-learning environment faces significant challenges in offering personalized learning resources for Deaf and Hard-Hearing (DHH) learners. These learners exhibit diverse preferences in learning and communication, influenced by their characteristics related to deafness, highlighting the need for personalized educational content. A well-defined learning model is essential to map the characteristics of learners to suitable learning resources, enabling effective recommendations within an e-learning system. This study explores the development of a comprehensive DHH learner model, focusing on the presence of multiple learning preferences based on the VARK (Visual, Aural, Read/Write, and Kinesthetic) learning style model and the effectiveness of fuzzy clustering in capturing the diverse but overlapping preferences. Fuzzy-C-Means (FCM) successfully identified six different but overlapping clusters, indicating that most learners exhibit multimodal learning preferences rather than relying solely on a visual learning style. Cluster centroid analysis reveals that the visual learning style is the most preferred, while aural learning is the least favored among DHH learners. By calculating the overall learning style score based on the fuzzy membership value across all clusters on all four dimensions of VARK, learners' learning style preferences were validated against self-reported data. The evaluation involved a survey of 130 higher secondary DHH students from Kerala, India, yielding promising results (precision: 0.90, recall: 0.84, F1-score: 0.84) on the model's efficiency in identifying the dominant learning style. These findings emphasize the need for adaptive content delivery strategies that integrate text, visual, and interactive elements to enhance the engagement of DHH learners. However, the limited sample size, due to the unavailability of publicly accessible datasets, and the limited number of students in higher secondary education, further highlights the need for accessible and standardized DHH data to advance this research domain.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is bringing a transformative change to the way businesses strategize, operate, and work today. Human and Machine working together in tandem to deliver critical business outcomes has become an expectation. The application of AI in the field of Life Sciences and Healthcare is changing the way clinical research is being done today, with medical practitioners adopting AI-based solutions for the diagnosis of certain diseases, such as various types of cancer. The application of AI in radiology and imaging has yielded positive outcomes, however, it has been observed that these algorithms may acquire unwanted biases through the training datasets which may lead to inaccurate diagnosis and potentially flawed care recommendations. These biases may prove to be fatal in the field of healthcare and hence it is imperative to institutionalize guidelines and governance for ethical and responsible use of AI. This paper is an attempt to understand the nuances of these biases and build a sustainable framework that will help enable and scale the implementation of Responsible AI in healthcare.