We report the biocontrol activity of the endophytic bacteria Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus amyloliquefacies against the plant pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain NS4 transformed with the GFP expressing gene. P. s. pv. tomato strain NS4 was obtained from the transformation of P. s. pv. tomato wild-type strain NW with the plasmid pNKGFP containing GFP-cassette for chromosomal integration. The GFP-marked strain was tested for hypersensitivity and pathogenicity, as well as population studies on the phylloplane, to determine its epidemiology and survival. In all of the bioassays strain NS4 presented similar characteristics to the wild-type, and was hence chosen as the model strain for these studies with antagonistic endophytic bacterial strains. In the biocontrol experiments, tomato plants were pre-inoculated with the endophytic bacteria 4 days prior to inoculation with P. s. pv. tomato strains. On the tomato phylloplane the P. s. pv. tomato (strains NW and NS4) populations were drastically reduced, and tomato leaves showed reduced numbers of bacterial speck lesions, comparable to the standard chemical treatment copper oxychloride. Additionally, under epifluorescence microscopy, few GFP-tagged cells of strain NS4 were observed colonizing important niches on the tomato phylloplane. However, leaves untreated with the antagonists presented a large number of GFP-tagged cell aggregates. Our results demonstrated that endophytic bacteria can also act efficiently on the biocontrol of bacterial speck when applied as a foliar spray on the leaves. In addition, we highlighted the use of GFP-marked strain NS4 as a model system to study biocontrol agent and pathogen interactions, and growth and development of the pathogen on the tomato leaf surface.

The use of a standard area diagram (SAD) set for bacterial blight is a way to obtain greater objectivity (reliability, precision, and accuracy) in disease assessment on eucalyptus trees under field conditions. Besides, assessments using SADs are fast and do not require equipment because they allow for raters’ training (^{BOCK et al., 2010}; ²⁰¹⁶; ^{ARAÚJO et al., 2019}). The rapid quantification of the severity of bacterial blight is essential to select elite disease-resistant genotypes in field research. This is because the disease can manifest itself on eucalyptus trees up to 2 years old (^{COUTINHO et al., 2011}), under field conditions. In this context, the development and validation of a SAD set are reported to estimate the severity of bacterial blight on eucalyptus trees.