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Cathode-ray-tube (CRT) is the ingredient of glass used in obsolescent televisions or computer monitors. CRT glass contains a considerable amount of heavy metals, and the landfilling of CRT glass is significantly harmful to the environment. In an effort to recycle waste CRT glass instead of landfilling it, recycled CRT glass powders were introduced to asphalt binders as a modifier in this preliminary investigation. The recycled CRT glass was processed to a particle size smaller than 0.075 mm and mixed with asphalt binder (PG 58–28) to produce asphalt mastics with four different concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 15 wt%). The rheological performance was characterized with the rotational viscosity (RV), dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), and multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) tests. The fatigue performance was evaluated by linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test. Meanwhile, the low-temperature properties were measured by the asphalt binder cracking device (ABCD). The hazard materials leaching test was applied to evaluate the leaching potential of lead content into the external environment due to the high lead content in the modified asphalt. The test results revealed that the increase of CRT glass powder content improved the energy of activation compared with that of virgin binder, as well as the resistance of permanent deformation. Furthermore, the incorporation of CRT glass powder may slightly increase the fatigue life of asphalt because of the improved physicochemical interaction between glass and bitumen. The low-temperature cracking temperature first decreased with the increase of CRT glass powder content and then increased as the CRT content increased further. The leaching test demonstrated that the CRT glass powders incorporated into asphalt binders represented a lower lead leaching content than that of the original CRT glass powder, where the lead leaching amount of CRT glass modified asphalt binder is obviously lower than the specified level of 5 mg/L. Therefore, it is possibly acceptable to recycle CRT glass powders in asphalt binders as an additive as an environmental-friendly recycling method, in which the optimal addition content of CRT glass powders could be up to 10% (wt.).
Dongzhao Jin; Jiaqing Wang; Lingyun You; Dongdong Ge; Chaochao Liu; Hongfu Liu; Zhanping You. Waste cathode-ray-tube glass powder modified asphalt materials: Preparation and characterization. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 314, 127949 .
AMA StyleDongzhao Jin, Jiaqing Wang, Lingyun You, Dongdong Ge, Chaochao Liu, Hongfu Liu, Zhanping You. Waste cathode-ray-tube glass powder modified asphalt materials: Preparation and characterization. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 314 ():127949.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDongzhao Jin; Jiaqing Wang; Lingyun You; Dongdong Ge; Chaochao Liu; Hongfu Liu; Zhanping You. 2021. "Waste cathode-ray-tube glass powder modified asphalt materials: Preparation and characterization." Journal of Cleaner Production 314, no. : 127949.
In order to reveal the effect of complex stress state on the characteristics of strength and stiffness of asphalt mixture, the self-developed double confining pressure triaxial test method was used in this study. The one-time failure and resilient modulus tests in complex stress state were carried out on the SMA-13 and AC-13 asphalt mixtures widely used in China's asphalt pavement, especially in the combined tensile-compressive stress state. The failure principal stress of material and its stress-strain data under the step loading condition were obtained. The calculation model of resilient modulus in complex stress state and the failure criterion I1-J2 in the principal stress space were established. On this basis, based on the generalized Hooke's law, a three-dimensional strain failure criterion model for asphalt mixture considering the effect of stiffness was also established by the conversion method. The research results can provide experimental and theoretical support for the reasonable selection and resistance calculation of material parameters of asphalt mixture in complex stress state.
Tuo Huang; Jie Chen; Mi Li; Yao Tang; Songtao Lv; Huanan Yu; Hongfu Liu; Wei Yan. Investigation on three-dimensional failure criterion of asphalt mixture considering the effect of stiffness. Construction and Building Materials 2021, 285, 122431 .
AMA StyleTuo Huang, Jie Chen, Mi Li, Yao Tang, Songtao Lv, Huanan Yu, Hongfu Liu, Wei Yan. Investigation on three-dimensional failure criterion of asphalt mixture considering the effect of stiffness. Construction and Building Materials. 2021; 285 ():122431.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTuo Huang; Jie Chen; Mi Li; Yao Tang; Songtao Lv; Huanan Yu; Hongfu Liu; Wei Yan. 2021. "Investigation on three-dimensional failure criterion of asphalt mixture considering the effect of stiffness." Construction and Building Materials 285, no. : 122431.
Ultrathin wearing course (UTWC) has been widely applied in both asphalt pavements preventive maintenance and functional overlay. This study’s objective is to evaluate the influence of different modified asphalt binders with warm mix additives on the skid resistance of UTWC and to reveal the attenuation law of skid resistance of UTWC. Three types of modified asphalt binders (Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene- (SBS-) modified asphalt, Acrylester Rubber- (AR-) modified asphalt, and SinoTPS-modified asphalt) and sasobit warm mix asphalt additive were selected to prepare asphalt mixtures. The Model Mobile Load Simulator 3 (MMLS3) was used to simulate repeated vehicle loading and abrasion. The British Pendulum Number (BPN) and Mean Texture Depth (MTD) were chosen to evaluate the skid resistance of the UTWC. The Analysis of Range (ANOR) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to verify the significance of asphalt binder on the antiskid performance of the UTWC. ANOR and ANOVA show that the influence of different modified asphalt binders on the skid resistance of the UTWC is significant. The SinoTPS modified asphalt mixture can maintain high texture roughness before and after abrasion, providing excellent and durable skid resistance. The influence of the addition of a warm mixing additive on the skid resistance of UTWC is not significant, and changes in microtexture mainly reflect its impact on antiskid performance. The decay curve of three modified asphalt binders of the skid resistance of the UTWC can be well fitted into an exponential function. The conclusion will play an essential role in selecting the asphalt binder in a UTWC to improve the antiskid performance.
Hongfu Liu; Teng Guo; Chenxi Yang; Yunyong Huang; Xuelian Li. Influence of the Skid Resistance of Ultrathin Wearing Course with Various Types of Asphalt Binders. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020, 2020, 1 -12.
AMA StyleHongfu Liu, Teng Guo, Chenxi Yang, Yunyong Huang, Xuelian Li. Influence of the Skid Resistance of Ultrathin Wearing Course with Various Types of Asphalt Binders. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2020; 2020 ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHongfu Liu; Teng Guo; Chenxi Yang; Yunyong Huang; Xuelian Li. 2020. "Influence of the Skid Resistance of Ultrathin Wearing Course with Various Types of Asphalt Binders." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020, no. : 1-12.
The goal of this paper is to reveal the influence of temperatures on the triaxial strength of asphalt mixtures. The triaxial compression and triaxial tensile tests, as well as plane tensile and compression/axial tensile tests, which were developed by the self-developed triaxial test equipment to carry out the complex stress state under different temperatures (5°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, and 25°C), were performed on the asphalt mixture. The ultimate failure strength of the material shows that the temperature and stress state significantly affect the triaxial strength characteristics of the asphalt mixture, and the three-dimensional strength decreases by the increase in temperature. Under the triaxial compression and triaxial tensile stress state, the resistance of the octahedral shear stress increases with the hydrostatic stress. A three-dimensional strength calculation model is established based on the influence of temperature and characterization by the tensile meridian, compression meridian, and failure strength envelope. It reveals the change of failure strength envelope with increasing temperatures and decreasing hydrostatic stress under complex stress state. It provides experimental and theoretical references to the design of asphalt pavement structure of different temperature conditions according to the three-dimensional stress state.
Tuo Huang; Mi Li; Yi Yang; Jing Xie; Hongfu Liu; Hui Yao; Qing Xu; Shuai Qi. Unified Strength Models of an Asphalt Mixture under Different Temperatures and Three-Dimensional Stresses. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2020, 32, 04020335 .
AMA StyleTuo Huang, Mi Li, Yi Yang, Jing Xie, Hongfu Liu, Hui Yao, Qing Xu, Shuai Qi. Unified Strength Models of an Asphalt Mixture under Different Temperatures and Three-Dimensional Stresses. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 2020; 32 (11):04020335.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTuo Huang; Mi Li; Yi Yang; Jing Xie; Hongfu Liu; Hui Yao; Qing Xu; Shuai Qi. 2020. "Unified Strength Models of an Asphalt Mixture under Different Temperatures and Three-Dimensional Stresses." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 32, no. 11: 04020335.
Under the action of traffic load, the stress and failure state of pavement structure and materials are complex and diverse. Moreover, pavement materials are multi-phase, multi-component, and multi-scale mixtures. Their mechanical properties have significant differences in tension behavior, compression characteristics, and correlations with stress states. In view of the above problems, different testing approaches were carried out in this paper. A suitable yield criterion for rubberized asphalt mixtures was proposed. Then, the strength yield surface was determined under different loading rates. Based on the fatigue test results, the concept of fatigue stress ratio was further proposed. The relationship between the rubberized asphalt mixtures fatigue life and the fatigue stress ratio was established. The results showed that the yield criterion covers the impact of the loading rates and tensile-compression strength difference on the rubberized asphalt mixtures’ mechanical behavior. The strength yield surface's shape is elliptical in the σm-σe stress space and expands outward as the loading rate increases. This paper unified the fatigue equations under different testing approaches. The established fatigue equations reflect the viscoelastic characteristics and strength characteristics of materials. The study effectively solves the difficult problem of fatigue equation selection in the structural design of asphalt rubber pavement.
Songtao Lv; Jiang Yuan; Xinghai Peng; Milkos Borges Cabrera; Hongfu Liu; Xinzi Luo; Lingyun You. Standardization to evaluate the lasting capacity of rubberized asphalt mixtures with different testing approaches. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 269, 121341 .
AMA StyleSongtao Lv, Jiang Yuan, Xinghai Peng, Milkos Borges Cabrera, Hongfu Liu, Xinzi Luo, Lingyun You. Standardization to evaluate the lasting capacity of rubberized asphalt mixtures with different testing approaches. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 269 ():121341.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSongtao Lv; Jiang Yuan; Xinghai Peng; Milkos Borges Cabrera; Hongfu Liu; Xinzi Luo; Lingyun You. 2020. "Standardization to evaluate the lasting capacity of rubberized asphalt mixtures with different testing approaches." Construction and Building Materials 269, no. : 121341.
Strength is an important parameter for the design of asphalt pavement materials and structures. To study the influence of various factors on the three-dimensional strength of asphalt mixtures, three aggregate gradations (dense-graded bituminous mixture AC-13, stone mastic asphalt SMA-13 and bituminous stabilization aggregate paving mixture OGFC-13) and two binders (SBS modified bitumen and 70# base bitumen) were used to prepare the asphalt mixture specimens. Among them, SBS+SMA-13 asphalt mixture has the best performance. On this basis, the uniaxial compressive test, uniaxial tensile test and confining triaxial test were conducted on the SBS+SMA-13 asphalt mixture under six oil-stone ratios conditions (5.5%, 5.7%, 5.9%, 6.1%, 6.3%, and 6.5%), six temperatures conditions (5 °C, 10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C), and five loading rates conditions (1 mm/min, 2 mm/min, 3 mm/min, 4 mm/min, and 5 mm/min). In addition, a unified three-dimensional strength calculation model considering the influence of temperature, loading rate, and oil-stone ratio was proposed, and the change law of the three-dimensional strength with these above factors was revealed. Furthermore, two sets of three-factor three-level orthogonal tests were carried out on the SMA-13 asphalt mixture. The sensitivity analysis and strength regulation research between three-dimensional strength and each factor were carried out. The results show that the type of asphalt has the greatest influence on the strength of the mixture, the temperature has the second most influence, the loading rate has less influence, and the oil-stone ratio has the least influence. The strength regulations proposed to improve the strength of the asphalt mixture include the use of modified asphalt, high-temperature stability high-quality asphalt, and the lower oil-stone ratio than the Marshall optimal oil-stone ratio. The strength control measures proposed from the perspective of the three-dimensional stress state, the joint failure of each stress components and real stress states are taken into consideration.
Tuo Huang; Mi Li; Mou-Ying Huang; Hao-Hao Jiang; Yao Tang; Hong-Fu Liu. Analysis on Three-Dimensional Strength Influencing Factors and Control Measures of Asphalt Mixtures. Materials 2020, 13, 2541 .
AMA StyleTuo Huang, Mi Li, Mou-Ying Huang, Hao-Hao Jiang, Yao Tang, Hong-Fu Liu. Analysis on Three-Dimensional Strength Influencing Factors and Control Measures of Asphalt Mixtures. Materials. 2020; 13 (11):2541.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTuo Huang; Mi Li; Mou-Ying Huang; Hao-Hao Jiang; Yao Tang; Hong-Fu Liu. 2020. "Analysis on Three-Dimensional Strength Influencing Factors and Control Measures of Asphalt Mixtures." Materials 13, no. 11: 2541.
To describe the interaction of fatigue-creep damage of an asphalt mixture under the action of semi-sine cyclic loading reasonably, a direct tension fatigue test was carried out under four different stress levels (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 MPa) based on the fact that semi-sine fatigue stress can be decomposed into creeping stress and simple fatigue stress. In addition, tension-compression fatigue and static creep tests were carried out under four stress levels: 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 MPa. For each test, five parallel tests were carried out at the same stress level. The Chaboche fatigue damage model and Kachanov creep damage model were employed to evaluate the damage evolution of the mixture both in the fatigue and creep tests. According to the test results, the damage evolution trends were revealed under different test processes and stress levels, and the damage evolution models of three different test methods were obtained. Then, based on the principle of semi-sine fatigue stress decomposition, a fatigue-creep damage interaction model considering the interaction of fatigue and creep damage was established using normalized parameters (X = N/Nf = t/tR) as the intermediate variable. The results indicated that the damage of asphalt mixture under the action of the semi-sine cyclic load was not a simple linear accumulation of fatigue damage and creep damage, but an overall result of the interaction of fatigue damage, creep damage, and fatigue-creep damage. The fatigue-creep damage interaction model provided a good fit with the experimental data and showed a high degree of consistency with the classical damage model. The model could be used to describe the damage evolution trend of asphalt mixture under the action of semi-sine cycle load and the interaction effect of fatigue damage and creep damage.
Hongfu Liu; Xinyu Yang; Lijun Jiang; Songtao Lv; Tuo Huang; Yi Yang. Fatigue-creep damage interaction model of asphalt mixture under the semi-sine cycle loading. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 251, 119070 .
AMA StyleHongfu Liu, Xinyu Yang, Lijun Jiang, Songtao Lv, Tuo Huang, Yi Yang. Fatigue-creep damage interaction model of asphalt mixture under the semi-sine cycle loading. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 251 ():119070.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHongfu Liu; Xinyu Yang; Lijun Jiang; Songtao Lv; Tuo Huang; Yi Yang. 2020. "Fatigue-creep damage interaction model of asphalt mixture under the semi-sine cycle loading." Construction and Building Materials 251, no. : 119070.
In order to describe the fatigue damage state of asphalt mixture more reasonably, direct tensile tests of the fatigue and the residual strength under stress levels of 1.00 MPa, 0.50 MPa and 0.25 MPa with five parallel tests were carried out. The trabecular specimens of AC-13C asphalt mixture (25 cm × 5 cm × 5 cm) were manufactured with Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) modified asphalt, aggregate basalt and limestone mineral filler. The optimum asphalt-aggregate ratio was 5.2%. The dynamic modulus decay and the residual strength decay were termed as the damage variables to evaluate the fatigue damage process of asphalt mixtures, respectively. Based on the test results, the decay patterns of the dynamic modulus and the residual strength during fatigue tests under different stress states were revealed, and the model and the parameters of fatigue damage according to the corresponding decay patterns were obtained. Then, based on the assumption that the residual strength and dynamic modulus depend on the same damage state, the relationship between the two damage definitions was given, and the residual strength-dynamic modulus coupled model was established. The results showed that the residual strength-dynamic modulus coupled model could better describe the fatigue damage evolution law of asphalt mixture, and the parameter of this coupled model could be obtained by less residual strength tests. A modified formula for calculating the damage variables associated with residual strength and dynamic modulus was proposed based on the relationship between two kinds of damage variables.
Hongfu Liu; Xinyu Yang; Chengdong Xia; Jianlong Zheng; Tuo Huang; Songtao Lv. Nonlinear Fatigue Damage Model of Asphalt Mixture Based on Dynamic Modulus and Residual Strength Decay. Materials 2019, 12, 2236 .
AMA StyleHongfu Liu, Xinyu Yang, Chengdong Xia, Jianlong Zheng, Tuo Huang, Songtao Lv. Nonlinear Fatigue Damage Model of Asphalt Mixture Based on Dynamic Modulus and Residual Strength Decay. Materials. 2019; 12 (14):2236.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHongfu Liu; Xinyu Yang; Chengdong Xia; Jianlong Zheng; Tuo Huang; Songtao Lv. 2019. "Nonlinear Fatigue Damage Model of Asphalt Mixture Based on Dynamic Modulus and Residual Strength Decay." Materials 12, no. 14: 2236.
In order to reveal the characteristics of strength and fatigue damage of cement-treated aggregate base materials and improve the accuracy of semi-rigid base asphalt pavement design, the unconfined compressive strength tests, flexural strength tests were conducted under the curing periods of 3, 7, 14, 28, 60 and 90 days. The flexural strength tests of different loading rates were employed under the curing period of 90 days. A power function was applied to the pattern of variation of strength with curing periods and loading rates. The mechanism of the effect of curing periods and loading rate on flexural strength was revealed. The relationship between unconfined compressive strength (a construction quality control index in Chinese Standards) and flexural strength (a structural design parameter in Chinese Standards) was performed. To this end, the construction quality index and structural design parameter were unified. In addition, the flexural fatigue equation and fatigue damage model under different curing periods were also established in this study. The results showed that the curing periods have a significant influence on the strength and fatigue performance for cement-treated aggregate base materials. The theoretical basis of durable semi-rigid asphalt pavement design was provided by this research.
Songtao Lv; Chengdong Xia; Hongfu Liu; Lingyun You; Fangting Qu; Wenliang Zhong; Yi Yang; Sarah Washko. Strength and fatigue performance for cement-treated aggregate base materials. International Journal of Pavement Engineering 2019, 22, 690 -699.
AMA StyleSongtao Lv, Chengdong Xia, Hongfu Liu, Lingyun You, Fangting Qu, Wenliang Zhong, Yi Yang, Sarah Washko. Strength and fatigue performance for cement-treated aggregate base materials. International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 2019; 22 (6):690-699.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSongtao Lv; Chengdong Xia; Hongfu Liu; Lingyun You; Fangting Qu; Wenliang Zhong; Yi Yang; Sarah Washko. 2019. "Strength and fatigue performance for cement-treated aggregate base materials." International Journal of Pavement Engineering 22, no. 6: 690-699.
In order to study the influences of confining pressure and temperature on the shear properties of asphalt mixtures, triaxial tests were conducted at 40 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C, with the confining pressure ranges from 0 to 1 MPa for the widely used continuous-graded AC (Asphalt Concrete)-13, open-graded OGFC (Open-Graded Friction Course)-13, and gap-graded SMA (Stone Mastic Asphalt)-13 asphalt mixtures in China. A nonlinear regression/prediction model of triaxial strength for asphalt mixtures was proposed. The results show that confining pressure and temperature had a significant effect on the shear resistance of asphalt mixtures. With increasing temperature, the shear strength of the asphalt mixture gradually decreased due to the decreasing of cohesion strength; the shear strength of the asphalt mixture increased with the increase of confining pressure. Meanwhile, the cohesion strength increased and the friction angle decreased gradually with the increase of confining pressure. When the confining pressure was close to 0.6 MPa, the Mohr–Coulomb failure envelope bended down, so the linear Mohr–Coulomb criterion is not suitable to describe the failure behavior of asphalt mixtures. Therefore, a power function failure envelope was put forward to characterize the nonlinear shear properties of asphalt mixtures. The nonlinear evolutional laws of shear parameters, which includes cohesion strength and friction angle, were also proposed for asphalt pavement material and structure design. Among these asphalt mixtures, the gap-graded SMA-13 asphalt mixture exhibited better performance on the resistance to shear failure, and it was recommended as the upper layer material to improve the shear performance of asphalt pavement.
Tuo Huang; Shuai Qi; Hongfu Liu; Huanan Yu; Sheng Li. Shear Properties of Asphalt Mixtures under Triaxial Compression. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 1489 .
AMA StyleTuo Huang, Shuai Qi, Hongfu Liu, Huanan Yu, Sheng Li. Shear Properties of Asphalt Mixtures under Triaxial Compression. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (7):1489.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTuo Huang; Shuai Qi; Hongfu Liu; Huanan Yu; Sheng Li. 2019. "Shear Properties of Asphalt Mixtures under Triaxial Compression." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7: 1489.
In this study, to decrease the evaluation uncertainty of the fatigue characteristics of cement-treated aggregate base materials under different test conditions, unconfined compressive, indirect tensile, flexural tensile strength tests and fatigue tests of these base materials with different cement content and at different curing times were carried out. The Weibull distribution was employed to analyze fatigue test results. The standardization model of fatigue characteristics for cement-treated aggregate base materials under different stress states was established. Based on the interval analysis theory, the fatigue characteristic model under different stress states was established using interval parameters. Results revealed that the curing time and cement content considerably affect the strength and fatigue characteristics of cement-treated aggregate base materials, and with increasing cement content and curing time, the fatigue resistance of cement-treated aggregate base materials can be improved. Clear differences between the fitting parameters a and b of the S-N fatigue equation of cement-treated aggregate base materials under different stress states were observed, which can be eliminated by using the analysis method based on the Weibull distribution and the standardization model, and a unified expression for the cement-treated aggregate base materials under different test conditions was realized. A Standardization model of fatigue characteristics based on the interval analysis new method could solve several problems such as inadequate sampling representation, low precision, and insufficient stability of test equipment; thus, the errors caused by materials, structures, the environment, and loads can be reduced, making the fatigue life interval more reasonable and scientific compared to the point numerical fatigue life. Regression parameters a and be were in intervals [9.0, 10.6] and [9.9, 11.3], respectively, and parameters a and b were similar, which improve the test accuracy and reduce the data error.
Jiawei Xie; Limin Tang; Songtao Lv; Naitian Zhang; Tuo Huang; Hongfu Liu. Standardization of Fatigue Characteristics of Cement-Treated Aggregate Base Materials under Different Stress States. Applied Sciences 2018, 8, 1500 .
AMA StyleJiawei Xie, Limin Tang, Songtao Lv, Naitian Zhang, Tuo Huang, Hongfu Liu. Standardization of Fatigue Characteristics of Cement-Treated Aggregate Base Materials under Different Stress States. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8 (9):1500.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiawei Xie; Limin Tang; Songtao Lv; Naitian Zhang; Tuo Huang; Hongfu Liu. 2018. "Standardization of Fatigue Characteristics of Cement-Treated Aggregate Base Materials under Different Stress States." Applied Sciences 8, no. 9: 1500.
In order to study the influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the multi-axial strength of AC (Asphalt Concrete)-13 and SMA (Stone Mastic Asphalt)-13 asphalt mixtures which are widely used in China, triaxial tests were carried out in the laboratory. Two nonlinear failure criterions under three-dimensional stress states in octahedral space were established. A linear model for engineering design and its simplified testing method were then presented. The three-dimensional failure criteria of asphalt mixtures after 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 freeze-thaw cycles were also proposed. The results indicated that the multi-axial strength decayed significantly after 20 freeze-thaw cycles. It is noteworthy that the strength degrades rapidly during the first 5 freeze-thaw cycles. Compared with AC-13 asphalt mixture, the SMA-13 asphalt mixture exhibits better performance on the resistance to freeze-thaw damage, and it is recommended as the upper surface layer material of pavement structure.
Tuo Huang; Shuai Qi; Ming Yang; Songtao Lv; Hongfu Liu; Jianlong Zheng. Strength Criterion of Asphalt Mixtures in Three-Dimensional Stress States under Freeze-Thaw Conditions. Applied Sciences 2018, 8, 1302 .
AMA StyleTuo Huang, Shuai Qi, Ming Yang, Songtao Lv, Hongfu Liu, Jianlong Zheng. Strength Criterion of Asphalt Mixtures in Three-Dimensional Stress States under Freeze-Thaw Conditions. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8 (8):1302.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTuo Huang; Shuai Qi; Ming Yang; Songtao Lv; Hongfu Liu; Jianlong Zheng. 2018. "Strength Criterion of Asphalt Mixtures in Three-Dimensional Stress States under Freeze-Thaw Conditions." Applied Sciences 8, no. 8: 1302.