In recent years, interest in BIM and GIS applications in civil engineering has been growing. For bridge engineering, BIM/GIS applications such as simulation, visualization, and secondary development have been used to assist practitioners in managing bridge construction and decision-making, including selection of bridge location maintenance decisions. In situ 3D modelling of existing bridges with detailed images from UAV camera has allowed engineers to conduct remote condition assessments of bridges and decide on required maintenance actions. Several studies have investigated the applications of BIM/GIS technology on bridge projects. However, there has been limited focus on reviewing the outcomes of these studies to identify the limitations of BIM and GIS applications on bridge projects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the research on BIM/GIS technology applications in bridge projects over the last decade. Using a systematic review process, a total of 90 publications that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed in this study. The review identified the state-of-the-art methods of BIM and GIS applications, respectively, at the planning and design, construction, and operation and maintenance phases of bridge projects. However, the findings point to segregated application of BIM and GIS at all phases of bridge projects. The findings of this study will contribute to guiding practitioners in selecting appropriate BIM and GIS technologies for different aspects of bridge projects.

In the practice of historic building conservation and restoration, the authentic restoration of damaged components often faces challenges due to the lack of definitive design evidence. To address this issue, this paper proposes a restoration derivation method that integrates digital survey technologies, such as UAV oblique photogrammetry and 3D laser scanning, with the analysis of historical mathematical composition rules. Taking five Ming Dynasty pavilion-style stone pagodas in Fuzhou as subjects, this study first employed digital surveying and cross-verification with ancient texts to reveal their shared, precise proportional system: the eave–column ratio of the Ruiyun Pagoda approaches √2 (≈1.414), while the other four pagodas approach the golden ratio of 1.618. Furthermore, the pagoda silhouettes are governed by a √2 hierarchical system and a √3/2 visual correction mechanism. Based on these mathematical rules, a triple logical chain of “historical evidence verification–functional constraints–traditional adaptation” was constructed and applied to the quantitative restoration design of the damaged finial of the Luoxing Pagoda. This process ultimately derived the relationship between its total height and the first-story width as (L/2 + √2/2), with the finial height being 1/7 of the pagoda body’s total height. This case study validates the effectiveness of the proposed method in transforming profound historical wisdom into clear engineering parameters, offering a replicable and verifiable technical pathway for the digital conservation and scientific restoration of similar architectural heritage.

Considering the limitations of test samples for existing stone beams, the discreteness of stone constitutive relations, and the dimensional variability among test specimens, this study conducts a systematic investigation via finite element parametric analysis based on full-scale prototype tests. The research examines the effects of different reinforcement materials, reinforcement ratios (ρ), and reinforcement layer thicknesses (a_s) on the flexural performance and comprehensive benefits of non-destructive stone beam reinforcement. The results indicate that the type of reinforcement material significantly impacts the initial linear elastic stiffness, peak load, and residual load of the stone beams. The increase in peak load and the proportion of residual bearing capacity are more sensitive to the reinforcement ratio (ρ). Although increasing the reinforcement layer thickness (a_s) enhances the initial linear elastic stiffness, its influence on residual bearing capacity is complex. Among the specimens with reinforcement materials, carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) mesh reinforcement exhibits superior performance in terms of both the energy dissipation evaluation indicator (T_E) and the comprehensive benefit evaluation indicator (R_TC). These findings provide a reliable basis for the design of stone beam strengthening and suggest that reinforcement materials, reinforcement ratios, and reinforcement layer thicknesses should be selected according to specific engineering requirements to achieve an optimal balance between reinforcement effectiveness and economic benefit.