Recent instances of novel biological circuits that enable cells to gain biosynthetic skills demonstrate synthetic biology’s therapeutic potential. Synthetic biology is a branch of biology whose primary role is to build completely functional biological systems from the smallest basic elements such as DNA, proteins, and other organic molecules to complex bacteria. This review briefly mentions some novel way of synthetic strategies like bacterial modelling, two-component systems, synthetic peptide, and synthetic flavonoids used for targeting biofilm and drug-stable microbial communities. Bacterial modelling was mainly done in Escherichia coli and Mycoplasma using different strategies like introducing quorum sensing devices and CRISPR-mediated editing. Synthetic peptides are also one of the extensively studied ongoing areas which are produced from natural peptides taking as a template and altering amino acid position. Flavonoids are produced by two-step reaction and molecular hybridization methods. This kind of synthetic approach reported significant biofilm dispersion and lethal effects on clinically relevant bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Streptococcus species and Klebsiella pneumonia.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder that affects women of reproductive age, often associated with metabolic issues, causing infertility. Although it is common, the cause of PCOS remains unknown, and early diagnosis is challenging. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) serve as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, play a significant role in PCOS development, and have emerged as biomarkers for reproductive and metabolic disorders. However, research on miRNA signatures in the Indian population is limited. This pilot exploratory study aims to compare the candidate differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs) in serum samples from individuals with and without PCOS using high-throughput miRNA sequencing. Methods: In the study, patients with PCOS and age-matched controls were included; small RNAs were isolated from their serum, libraries were prepared, and the libraries were analyzed by next-generation sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis, including miRBase annotation, differential expression analysis, target prediction, GO/KEGG enrichment, and hub gene network analysis, was performed. Results: A total of 967 miRNAs were identified, with seven showing differential expression (log2FC > 1, p < 0.05). Among these, six miRNAs of hsa-miR-219a-2-3p, hsa-mir-384, hsa-miR-149-5p, hsa-miR-3182, hsa-miR-3960, and hsa-miR-4508 were upregulated, whereas hsa-mir-139 was downregulated. Functional enrichment and hub gene analyses identified key targets, including TP53, FOXO1, HIF1A, and HDAC1, that are crucial to the cell cycle, insulin signaling, and hypoxia. Conclusions: These preliminary findings identify candidate serum miRNA signatures in Indian women that may be associated with PCOS’s reproductive and metabolic issues. These pilot study results suggest potential miRNAs and their target pathway links with PCOS that need validation in larger cohorts for diagnostic or therapeutic applications.