Poor drug bioavailability remains a major challenge in pharmaceutical development, primarily due to low aqueous solubility, limited membrane permeability and rapid met-abolic degradation, which significantly reduce therapeutic efficacy. In this context, nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems have emerged as an effective strategy to over-come these limitations. This review summarizes the main types of nanocarriers, including lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic and hybrid systems, and discusses their design and functional properties. Nanocarriers enhance drug performance by improving solubility, protecting active compounds from degradation, enabling controlled and sustained re-lease, and facilitating targeted delivery to specific tissues. The influence of physicochemi-cal parameters, such as particle size, surface charge and functionalization, on pharmaco-kinetics and pharmacodynamics is also addressed. Representative case studies illustrate the successful application of nanocarrier formulations in improving bioavailability and therapeutic outcomes. Despite these advances, challenges related to toxicity, large-scale production and regulatory approval remain. Overall, nanocarrier-based systems represent a versatile and promising platform for enhancing drug bioavailability and advancing modern pharmaceutical therapies.

Polymer-based dressings constitute an important class of macromolecular biomaterials enabling controlled drug delivery and enhanced wound healing performance. This review summarizes recent advances in the design, fabrication, and functionalization of polymer dressings, with emphasis on natural and synthetic polymer systems applied in biomedical topical and transdermal drug administration. Key material properties, including biocompatibility, mechanical stability, porosity, and degradation behavior, are discussed in relation to drug loading capacity and release kinetics. Current fabrication strategies, such as electrospinning, hydrogel formation, casting, and multilayer assembly, are critically evaluated with respect to structural control and scalability. Particular attention is given to antimicrobial and stimuli-responsive platforms capable of dynamic interaction with the wound microenvironment. Furthermore, challenges related to long-term stability, regulatory requirements, and clinical translation are addressed. By integrating recent experimental findings, this review highlights essential structure–function relationships governing polymer dressing performance and provides design guidelines for next-generation macromolecular topical and transdermal care systems with improved multifunctionality and clinical applicability.

Poor drug bioavailability remains a major challenge in pharmaceutical development, primarily due to low aqueous solubility, limited membrane permeability and rapid metabolic degradation, which significantly reduces therapeutic efficacy. In this context, nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems have emerged as an effective strategy to overcome these limitations. This review summarizes the main types of nanocarriers, including lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic and hybrid systems, and discusses their design and functional properties. Nanocarriers enhance drug performance by improving solubility, protecting active compounds from degradation, enabling controlled and sustained release, and facilitating targeted delivery to specific tissues. The influence of physicochemical parameters, such as particle size, surface charge and functionalization, on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is also addressed. Representative case studies illustrate the successful application of nanocarrier formulations in improving bioavailability and therapeutic outcomes. Despite these advances, challenges related to toxicity, large-scale production and regulatory approval remain. Overall, nanocarrier-based systems represent a versatile and promising platform for enhancing drug bioavailability and advancing modern pharmaceutical therapies.