The part of the tea plant evaluated nutritionally and economically are the shoots. For the shoots to be nourished, essential nutrients must be present in soil and leaves under the shoots which serve as a kind of storage organs. However, boron is deficient in soil for its high active-acid level and precipitation in the Black Sea Region in Turkey and the plant due to its immobility. A two-year fixed field experiment was designed in the Arhavi district of Artvin/ Turkey to determine the effect of soil and foliar boron application on the concentration, mobilization, accumulation, and storage of boron in the leaves under the harvest base of the tea plant. Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate (DOT, Na₂B₈O₁₃.4H₂O, 20.8 % B) was used as a boron source and, four applications were conducted: S₀L₀, S₀L₁, S₁L₀, S₁L₁ (S: Soil application, 0 kg B ha^-1, and 4 kg B ha^-1; L: Foliar application, 0 mg B L^-1, and 400 mg B L^-1). As a result of the analysis, boron accumulation was determined mainly in the old leaves, and the concentration decreased toward the young leaves. Moreover, the boron concentration in the leaves under the harvest base gradually reduced toward the end of the harvest season. However, tea plants deprived of boron positively reacted to soil and foliar boron fertilization, and the boron concentration of the leaves under the shoots increased significantly and reached above the critical deficiency limit (> 30 mg kg^-1). The most successful application was S₁L₁, followed by S₁L₀ and S₀L₁, respectively.

<!--[if gte mso 9]> Normal 0 21 false false false TR X-NONE X-NONE <![endif]--> <!--[if gte mso 9]> <![endif]--> <!--[if gte mso 10]> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Normal Tablo"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Courier New";} <![endif]--> Doğu Karadeniz Bölge halkının yaşam biçimi olan çay bitkisinin verim ve kalitesinin artırılması, çay tarımı yapılan toprakların ve çay bitkisinin makro besin maddeleri yanında mikro besin maddelerinin de iyi bir şekilde bilinmesine bağlıdır. Bu çalışmada çay tarımı yapılan toprakların ve çay bitkisinin demir, bakır, çinko ve mangan durumlarının ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, çay tarımı alanlarının dağılımı göz önüne alınarak Artvin, Rize, Trabzon ve Giresun'dan eş zamanlı olarak toplam 532 toprak ve yaşlı yaprak örneği alınmıştır. Bu alanlardan alınan 532 toprak örneğinde bitkiye yarayışlı demirin 0,56-407 mg kg^-1, bakırın 0,01-1 9,4 mg kg^-1, çinkonun 0,03-44,9 mg kg ^-1 ve manganın 0,33-186 mg kg ^-1 arasında değiştiği, ortalama demirin 86,7 mg kg^-1, bakırın 1,44 mg kg^-1, çinkonun 1,61 mg kg ^-1 ve manganın 29,3 mg kg ^-1 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çay tarımı yapılan topraklarda bitkiye yarayışlı demir ve manganın yeterli olduğu, buna karşın toprakların % 1 1,1'unda bakırın ve % 49,6'ünde ise çinkonun noksan olduğu saptanmıştır. Toprak örnekleri ile eş zamanlı olarak alınan 532 çay yaprak örneklerinde toplam demirin 20,8-1931 mg kg^-1, toplam bakırın 0,62-25,7 mg kg^-1, toplam çinkonun 0,98-53,5 mg kg ^-1 ve toplam manganın 146-5013 mg kg ^-1 arasında değiştiği, ortalama olarak toplam demirin 136 mg kg^-1, toplam bakırın 7,66 mg kg^-1, toplam çinkonun 12,7 mg kg ^-1 ve toplam manganın 1608 mg kg ^-1 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çay yapraklarında mangan konsantrasyonunun yeterli olduğu belirlenirken, yaprak örneklerinin % 98,9'sinde toplam demirin, % 97,0'unda bakırın, % 97,6'sında çinkonun noksan olduğu belirlenmiştir.

A two-year fixed field experiment was designed in Artvin, Turkey, with the aim of determining the effect of soil and foliar boron treatment on fresh leaf yield, shoot length, and also the transport and distribution of boron in the shoots of the tea plant. The experiment was conducted in a domestic producer’s tea garden indicating boron deficiency in Arhavi district of Artvin. In the experiment, 400 g B da-1 to the soil and 400 mg B L-1 to the leaves of the tea plant were applied in a liquid form. DOT (Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate, Na2B8O13.4H2O) with 20.8 % B was used as a boron source. At the end of the experiment, it was determined that soil and foliar boron treatment caused a substantial increase in the fresh leaf yield, the shoot length, and also the boron concentration of the shoots of the tea plant. However, the boron concentration of the leaves at the tip of the shoots was still under the critical level.

Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal that has no known biological function in plants and can accumulate in agricultural soils. Mining activities, industrial emissions, traffic-related accumulation, was...

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a pivotal role in sustainable agriculture by enhancing nutrient efficiency and reducing the dependence on synthetic fertilizers. Developing these sustainable, effective products requires knowledge of the target plant and its associated microbial communities in the production landscape of interest. This study focused on AMF populations associated with Tir wheat in six main locations of Türkiye’s Van Lake Basin. The Erçek-Özalp-Saray region exhibited the highest organic matter values. Higher available phosphorous contents were found for Erciş-Patnos and Muradiye. The Erciş-Patnos region exhibited the highest AMF density (120 spores/10 g soil) and frequency (75%), while the lowest AMF density (45 spores/10 g soil) was recorded in Muradiye. Sand contents correlated positively with spore number and mycorrhizal frequency and negatively with silt and clay. Based on these results, Erciş-Patnos was elected as the best location for the isolation of AMF spores suitable for the development of microbial-based tools for Tir wheat cultivation. These results are very important in the current context of climate change, which mandates the use of low-impact environmental strategies. Further research should explore the interactions of AMFs with other microorganisms to optimize their ecological benefits. However, the results of this study provide a valuable basis for future investigations of AMF-based products for use in sustainable Tir wheat cultivation.