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Sabine Zikeli
Center for Organic Farming (309), University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 14-16, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany

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Review
Published: 27 August 2021 in Agronomy
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The search for approaches to a holistic sustainable agriculture requires the development of new cropping systems that provide additional ecosystem services beyond biomass supply for food, feed, material, and energy use. The reduction of chemical synthetic plant protection products is a key instrument to protect vulnerable natural resources such as groundwater and biodiversity. Together with an optimal use of mineral fertilizer, agroecological practices, and precision agriculture technologies, a complete elimination of chemical synthetic plant protection in mineral-ecological cropping systems (MECSs) may not only improve the environmental performance of agroecosystems, but also ensure their yield performance. Therefore, the development of MECSs aims to improve the overall ecosystem services of agricultural landscapes by (i) improving the provision of regulating ecosystem services compared to conventional cropping systems and (ii) improving the supply of provisioning ecosystem services compared to organic cropping systems. In the present review, all relevant research levels and aspects of this new farming concept are outlined and discussed based on a comprehensive literature review and the ongoing research project “Agriculture 4.0 without Chemical-Synthetic Plant Protection”.

ACS Style

Beate Zimmermann; Ingrid Claß-Mahler; Moritz von Cossel; Iris Lewandowski; Jan Weik; Achim Spiller; Sina Nitzko; Christian Lippert; Tatjana Krimly; Isabell Pergner; Christian Zörb; Monika A. Wimmer; Markus Dier; Frank M. Schurr; Jörn Pagel; Adriana Riemenschneider; Hella Kehlenbeck; Til Feike; Bettina Klocke; Robin Lieb; Stefan Kühne; Sandra Krengel-Horney; Julia Gitzel; Abbas El-Hasan; Stefan Thomas; Martin Rieker; Karl Schmid; Thilo Streck; Joachim Ingwersen; Uwe Ludewig; Günter Neumann; Niels Maywald; Torsten Müller; Klára Bradáčová; Markus Göbel; Ellen Kandeler; Sven Marhan; Romina Schuster; Hans-W. Griepentrog; David Reiser; Alexander Stana; Simone Graeff-Hönninger; Sebastian Munz; Dina Otto; Roland Gerhards; Marcus Saile; Wilfried Hermann; Jürgen Schwarz; Markus Frank; Michael Kruse; Hans-Peter Piepho; Peter Rosenkranz; Klaus Wallner; Sabine Zikeli; Georg Petschenka; Nicole Schönleber; Ralf T. Vögele; Enno Bahrs. Mineral-Ecological Cropping Systems—A New Approach to Improve Ecosystem Services by Farming without Chemical Synthetic Plant Protection. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1710 .

AMA Style

Beate Zimmermann, Ingrid Claß-Mahler, Moritz von Cossel, Iris Lewandowski, Jan Weik, Achim Spiller, Sina Nitzko, Christian Lippert, Tatjana Krimly, Isabell Pergner, Christian Zörb, Monika A. Wimmer, Markus Dier, Frank M. Schurr, Jörn Pagel, Adriana Riemenschneider, Hella Kehlenbeck, Til Feike, Bettina Klocke, Robin Lieb, Stefan Kühne, Sandra Krengel-Horney, Julia Gitzel, Abbas El-Hasan, Stefan Thomas, Martin Rieker, Karl Schmid, Thilo Streck, Joachim Ingwersen, Uwe Ludewig, Günter Neumann, Niels Maywald, Torsten Müller, Klára Bradáčová, Markus Göbel, Ellen Kandeler, Sven Marhan, Romina Schuster, Hans-W. Griepentrog, David Reiser, Alexander Stana, Simone Graeff-Hönninger, Sebastian Munz, Dina Otto, Roland Gerhards, Marcus Saile, Wilfried Hermann, Jürgen Schwarz, Markus Frank, Michael Kruse, Hans-Peter Piepho, Peter Rosenkranz, Klaus Wallner, Sabine Zikeli, Georg Petschenka, Nicole Schönleber, Ralf T. Vögele, Enno Bahrs. Mineral-Ecological Cropping Systems—A New Approach to Improve Ecosystem Services by Farming without Chemical Synthetic Plant Protection. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (9):1710.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beate Zimmermann; Ingrid Claß-Mahler; Moritz von Cossel; Iris Lewandowski; Jan Weik; Achim Spiller; Sina Nitzko; Christian Lippert; Tatjana Krimly; Isabell Pergner; Christian Zörb; Monika A. Wimmer; Markus Dier; Frank M. Schurr; Jörn Pagel; Adriana Riemenschneider; Hella Kehlenbeck; Til Feike; Bettina Klocke; Robin Lieb; Stefan Kühne; Sandra Krengel-Horney; Julia Gitzel; Abbas El-Hasan; Stefan Thomas; Martin Rieker; Karl Schmid; Thilo Streck; Joachim Ingwersen; Uwe Ludewig; Günter Neumann; Niels Maywald; Torsten Müller; Klára Bradáčová; Markus Göbel; Ellen Kandeler; Sven Marhan; Romina Schuster; Hans-W. Griepentrog; David Reiser; Alexander Stana; Simone Graeff-Hönninger; Sebastian Munz; Dina Otto; Roland Gerhards; Marcus Saile; Wilfried Hermann; Jürgen Schwarz; Markus Frank; Michael Kruse; Hans-Peter Piepho; Peter Rosenkranz; Klaus Wallner; Sabine Zikeli; Georg Petschenka; Nicole Schönleber; Ralf T. Vögele; Enno Bahrs. 2021. "Mineral-Ecological Cropping Systems—A New Approach to Improve Ecosystem Services by Farming without Chemical Synthetic Plant Protection." Agronomy 11, no. 9: 1710.

Journal article
Published: 25 December 2020 in Sustainability
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Cultivation of lentils had ended by mid-20th century in Germany, but a revival was initiated in the first decade of this millennium in Southwest Germany. However, knowledge of lentil cultivation was almost lost, and today’s yields are still low. To gain an overview of current farm practices and of factors that can help lentil cultivation thrive, 25 lentil farmers (21 organic, 4 conventional) from SW Germany answered questionnaires for agronomic data on lentil cultivation in the years 2015, 2016, and 2017. Eleven farmers took part in additional semi-structured interviews about their motivation and the most important factors (economic, ecological, and social) that encouraged them to grow lentils. Neither the lentil variety (Anicia, Späth’s Alblinse I and II), nor the companion crop for the usual mixed cropping (spring barley, oat, and camelina), significantly influenced lentil yield. If lentil cultivation is to further expand, data from more farmers could be evaluated and factors that contribute to crop thriving analyzed more clearly. The cultivation techniques currently practiced are diverse, and lentils integrate well into existing structures. Farmers appear motivated to grow lentils by good examples of colleagues, by availability of marketing channels, and by the desire to promote lentils’ ecological and social benefits.

ACS Style

Theresa Reif; Sabine Zikeli; Ann-Marleen Rieps; Carina Lang; Jens Hartung; Sabine Gruber. Reviving a Neglected Crop: A Case Study on Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus subsp. culinaris) Cultivation in Germany. Sustainability 2020, 13, 133 .

AMA Style

Theresa Reif, Sabine Zikeli, Ann-Marleen Rieps, Carina Lang, Jens Hartung, Sabine Gruber. Reviving a Neglected Crop: A Case Study on Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus subsp. culinaris) Cultivation in Germany. Sustainability. 2020; 13 (1):133.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Theresa Reif; Sabine Zikeli; Ann-Marleen Rieps; Carina Lang; Jens Hartung; Sabine Gruber. 2020. "Reviving a Neglected Crop: A Case Study on Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus subsp. culinaris) Cultivation in Germany." Sustainability 13, no. 1: 133.

Journal article
Published: 24 November 2020 in Agronomy
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The cultivation area of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) is increasing in Germany as a way to ensure self-sufficiency through its use as feed and food. However, climatic conditions needed for soybean cultivation are not appropriate in all parts of the country. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of solar radiation, temperature, and precipitation on soybean seed productivity and quality in central and south Germany. A multi-factorial field trial was carried out with three replicates at four locations in 2016 and five locations in 2017, testing 13 soybean varieties from the maturity groups MG 00 and MG 000. Considering all the tested factors, “variety” was highly significant concerning protein content (Ø 41.1% dry matter (DM)) and oil content (Ø 19.1% in DM), but not seed yield (Ø 40.5 dt ha−1).The broad sense heritability of protein content was H2 = 0.80 and of oil content H2 = 0.7. Protein and oil content were significantly negatively correlated (r = −0.82). Seed yield was significantly positively correlated with solar radiation (r = 0.32) and precipitation (r = 0.33), but significantly negatively with Crop Heat Units (CHU) (r = −0.42). Over both experimental years, varieties from maturity group MG 00 were less significantly correlated with the tested environmental factors than varieties from maturity group MG 000. None of the environmental factors tested significantly increased the protein or oil content of soybean. In growing areas with heat periods during ripening, protein content tended to be higher than in cooler areas; in areas with high solar radiation during flowering, protein content tended to be reduced.

ACS Style

Olena Sobko; Andreas Stahl; Volker Hahn; Sabine Zikeli; Wilhelm Claupein; Sabine Gruber. Environmental Effects on Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merr) Production in Central and South Germany. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1847 .

AMA Style

Olena Sobko, Andreas Stahl, Volker Hahn, Sabine Zikeli, Wilhelm Claupein, Sabine Gruber. Environmental Effects on Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merr) Production in Central and South Germany. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (12):1847.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Olena Sobko; Andreas Stahl; Volker Hahn; Sabine Zikeli; Wilhelm Claupein; Sabine Gruber. 2020. "Environmental Effects on Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merr) Production in Central and South Germany." Agronomy 10, no. 12: 1847.

Journal article
Published: 15 July 2020 in Agronomy
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Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) is one of the most important crops worldwide. In several European countries such as Germany, soybean cultivation is not traditional and as such remains to be optimized. One option to increase soybean production is to adapt and improve the seeding system. To investigate the effects of different seeding systems on seed yield, seed protein, and oil content, plant characteristics were assessed using a two-factorial (two seeding systems and four cultivars) field trial over two years (2017–2018) at two locations in southeast Germany. The seeding systems were drill (row spacing 14 cm) and precision seeding (row spacing 28 cm), and the cultivars were Viola 000, Lissabon 000, ES Mentor 00, and Orion 00. Depending on the seeding system, a seed yield of 3.8 t ha−1 dry matter (DM), 40.9% protein content (DM), and 18.8% oil content (DM) was achieved by drilling, and 3.6 t ha−1 yield (DM), 40.1% protein content (DM), and 19.1% oil content (DM) with precision seeding (average across four cultivars, two locations, and two years). No significant effects of the seeding system on all seed and plant characteristics were observed. As drilling and precision seeding did not affect the seed yield, seed protein, oil contents, and plant characteristics of soybean in this study, farmers are able to choose the seeding system which fits best into their farms and is economically most viable.

ACS Style

Olena Sobko; Sabine Zikeli; Wilhelm Claupein; Sabine Gruber. Seed Yield, Seed Protein, Oil Content, and Agronomic Characteristics of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) Depending on Different Seeding Systems and Cultivars in Germany. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1020 .

AMA Style

Olena Sobko, Sabine Zikeli, Wilhelm Claupein, Sabine Gruber. Seed Yield, Seed Protein, Oil Content, and Agronomic Characteristics of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) Depending on Different Seeding Systems and Cultivars in Germany. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (7):1020.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Olena Sobko; Sabine Zikeli; Wilhelm Claupein; Sabine Gruber. 2020. "Seed Yield, Seed Protein, Oil Content, and Agronomic Characteristics of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) Depending on Different Seeding Systems and Cultivars in Germany." Agronomy 10, no. 7: 1020.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2017 in Food Chemistry
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This study describes the development of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration to determine individual and total glucosinolates (GSLs) content of 12 new-bred open-pollinating genotypes of broccoli (Brassica oleracea convar. botrytis var. italica). Six individual GSLs were identified using high-performance-liquid chromatography (HPLC). The NIRS calibration was established based on modified partial least squares regression with reference values of HPLC. The calibration was analyzed using coefficient of determination in prediction (R) and ratio of preference of determination (RPD). Large variation occurred in the calibrations, R and RPD due to the variability of the samples. Derived calibrations for total-GSLs, aliphatic-GSLs, glucoraphanin and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin were quantitative with a high accuracy (RPD=1.36, 1.65, 1.63, 1.11) while, for indole-GSLs, glucosinigrin, glucoiberin, glucobrassicin and 1-methoxyglucobrassicin were more qualitative (RPD=0.95, 0.62, 0.67, 0.81, 0.56). Overall, the results indicated NIRS has a good potential to determine different GSLs in a large sample pool of broccoli quantitatively and qualitatively.

ACS Style

Samira Sahamishirazi; Sabine Zikeli; Michael Fleck; Wilhelm Claupein; Simone Graeff-Hoenninger. Development of a near-infrared spectroscopy method (NIRS) for fast analysis of total, indolic, aliphatic and individual glucosinolates in new bred open pollinating genotypes of broccoli ( Brassica oleracea convar. botrytis var. italica ). Food Chemistry 2017, 232, 272 -277.

AMA Style

Samira Sahamishirazi, Sabine Zikeli, Michael Fleck, Wilhelm Claupein, Simone Graeff-Hoenninger. Development of a near-infrared spectroscopy method (NIRS) for fast analysis of total, indolic, aliphatic and individual glucosinolates in new bred open pollinating genotypes of broccoli ( Brassica oleracea convar. botrytis var. italica ). Food Chemistry. 2017; 232 ():272-277.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samira Sahamishirazi; Sabine Zikeli; Michael Fleck; Wilhelm Claupein; Simone Graeff-Hoenninger. 2017. "Development of a near-infrared spectroscopy method (NIRS) for fast analysis of total, indolic, aliphatic and individual glucosinolates in new bred open pollinating genotypes of broccoli ( Brassica oleracea convar. botrytis var. italica )." Food Chemistry 232, no. : 272-277.

Journal article
Published: 04 May 2017 in Agriculture
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Soybean field experiments were performed to investigate the weed-suppressing effects of different tillage systems and cover crop mulches at two locations in southwest Germany during 2014 and 2015. The influence of three different tillage systems on weed control efficacy, soybean plant density, and crop yield was determined. In the no-till system (NT), two different cover crops, (rye and barley), were treated by a roller-crimper before soybean sowing. For the reduced tillage system (RT), shallow soil cultivation (7.5 cm depth) using a cultivator after cover crop harvest was performed. The third system was conventional tillage (CT), which used a plow (25 cm depth) without any previous cover crop treatment. Finally, a CT system without weed control was used as a control treatment (C). Weed densities in the field experiments ranged from 1 to 164 plants m−2 with Chenopodium album (L.), Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv., and Sonchus arvensis (L.) as the predominant weed species. No difference in weed suppression was found between the two cover crops. The highest cover crop soil coverage was measured in the NT treatment. The greatest weed density (164 plants m−2) was measured in the untreated control. CT, RT and NT reduced weed density up to 71%, 85%, and 61%, respectively, to C, across both locations and years. Soybean plant density was reduced in NT (−36%) and CT (−18%) based on aimed sown plant density. Highest crop yields up to 2.4 t ha−1 were observed in RT, while NT resulted in lower yields (1.1 t ha−1). Our work reveals the importance of cover crops for weed suppression in soybean cropping systems without herbicide application.

ACS Style

Jonas F. Weber; Christoph Kunz; Gerassimos G. Peteinatos; Sabine Zikeli; Roland Gerhards. Weed Control Using Conventional Tillage, Reduced Tillage, No-Tillage, and Cover Crops in Organic Soybean. Agriculture 2017, 7, 43 .

AMA Style

Jonas F. Weber, Christoph Kunz, Gerassimos G. Peteinatos, Sabine Zikeli, Roland Gerhards. Weed Control Using Conventional Tillage, Reduced Tillage, No-Tillage, and Cover Crops in Organic Soybean. Agriculture. 2017; 7 (5):43.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jonas F. Weber; Christoph Kunz; Gerassimos G. Peteinatos; Sabine Zikeli; Roland Gerhards. 2017. "Weed Control Using Conventional Tillage, Reduced Tillage, No-Tillage, and Cover Crops in Organic Soybean." Agriculture 7, no. 5: 43.

Review
Published: 20 April 2017 in Agriculture
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Only 34% of all German farms apply reduced tillage (RT), while approximately 1% of the arable land is under no-tillage (NT). Statistics for organic farming are not available, but the percentages are probably even lower. The development of German organic RT and NT has been strongly driven by pioneer farmers for 40 years, and supported by field trials since the 1990s. The main motive for conversion to RT is increased soil quality, followed by reduced labor costs. NT combined with high-residue cover crops plays only a very small role. Rather, German organic farmers resort to shallow ploughing, a reduced number of ploughing operations in the rotation and/or substitution of the ploughing with non-inversion tillage. In field trials, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields were reduced up to 67% by using RT methods compared to inversion tillage treatments due to reduced mineralization and increased weed pressure, both of which are major obstacles that impede the wider adoption of RT and NT by German organic farmers. Improvement of NT and RT (rotations, implements, timing) in organic farming is a task of both agricultural practice and science. A number of conventional farmers who have recently converted to organic farming are already familiar with RT. These farmers will act as a thriving factor to implement their experience after conversion and contribute to further innovations of RT in organic farming.

ACS Style

Sabine Zikeli; Sabine Gruber. Reduced Tillage and No-Till in Organic Farming Systems, Germany—Status Quo, Potentials and Challenges. Agriculture 2017, 7, 35 .

AMA Style

Sabine Zikeli, Sabine Gruber. Reduced Tillage and No-Till in Organic Farming Systems, Germany—Status Quo, Potentials and Challenges. Agriculture. 2017; 7 (4):35.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sabine Zikeli; Sabine Gruber. 2017. "Reduced Tillage and No-Till in Organic Farming Systems, Germany—Status Quo, Potentials and Challenges." Agriculture 7, no. 4: 35.

Journal article
Published: 15 March 2017 in Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants
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ACS Style

Lisa Pataczek; Antigoni Cheilari; Sabine Zikeli; Sonja Sturm; Hermann Stuppner; Sabine Gruber. Centaurium erythraea Cultivation Method for Optimal Yield and Product Quality. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 2017, 26, 1 -23.

AMA Style

Lisa Pataczek, Antigoni Cheilari, Sabine Zikeli, Sonja Sturm, Hermann Stuppner, Sabine Gruber. Centaurium erythraea Cultivation Method for Optimal Yield and Product Quality. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants. 2017; 26 (3):1-23.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lisa Pataczek; Antigoni Cheilari; Sabine Zikeli; Sonja Sturm; Hermann Stuppner; Sabine Gruber. 2017. "Centaurium erythraea Cultivation Method for Optimal Yield and Product Quality." Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 26, no. 3: 1-23.

Journal article
Published: 15 January 2016 in Organic Agriculture
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Linseed contains substantial amounts of desired ingredients, such as omega-3 fatty acids (α-linolenic acid) and antioxidants, as well as undesired ingredients such as cyanogenic glycosides and cadmium. This paper presents and discusses the abiotic factors which influence quality and yield of linseed seeds in organic cropping systems. In temperate climates, conventional farmers can harvest more than 2.0 t seed ha−1, with oil contents ranging from 35 to 44 %. Organic trials usually had lower yields with up to approximately 1.8 t seed ha−1 in temperate, continental, and Mediterranean conditions. Cool climatic conditions in temperate regions lead to high shares (>60 %) of omega-3 fatty acids related to total oil content in organic farming as well as in conventional farming. Linseed achieved maximum yields of seeds and omega-3 fatty acids with a fertilization level of less than approximately 110 kg nitrogen ha−1. High levels of nitrogen fertilization did not benefit the content of omega-3 fatty acids; increasing the nitrogen fertilization from 52 to 260 kg ha−1 reduced the content of α-linolenic acid by 7.25 % in a trial. The content of cyanogenic compounds turned out to be positively correlated with the protein content of the seeds and the nitrogen fertilization; therefore, the usually moderate level of nitrogen supply in organic crop rotations could keep the content of cyanogenic glycosides on a comparatively low level, compared to cropping systems with higher nitrogen levels. Linseed is a hyper-accumulator of cadmium; the total cadmium content in the seeds is determined by the cadmium content of the soil and the linseed variety. Generally, the choice of linseed variety influences the quality of the seed, and respective varieties must be chosen to improve product quality. Harvest, post-harvest, and processing conditions additionally affect seed and oil quality. Heating can reduce the unwanted cyanogenic glycosides, but it also reduces the content of desired anti-oxidants and of omega-3 fatty acids. All in all, low overall nitrogen levels in organic cropping systems may offer the option to produce linseed seeds and oil with high levels of omega-3 fatty acid and low cyanogenic glycosides, with yields similar to conventional farming. In organic farming systems, the risk of elevated cadmium contents in linseed is low as synthetic P fertilizers are prohibited and raw phosphates are rarely used, thus minimizing the input of cadmium via fertilizers. As high product quality can be maintained or even improved by organic farming practices, linseed is suitable as an oil crop in organic farming that allows diversification of the crop rotation.

ACS Style

Jonas Klein; Sabine Zikeli; Wilhelm Claupein; Sabine Gruber. Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) as an oil crop in organic farming: abiotic impacts on seed ingredients and yield. Organic Agriculture 2016, 7, 1 -19.

AMA Style

Jonas Klein, Sabine Zikeli, Wilhelm Claupein, Sabine Gruber. Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) as an oil crop in organic farming: abiotic impacts on seed ingredients and yield. Organic Agriculture. 2016; 7 (1):1-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jonas Klein; Sabine Zikeli; Wilhelm Claupein; Sabine Gruber. 2016. "Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) as an oil crop in organic farming: abiotic impacts on seed ingredients and yield." Organic Agriculture 7, no. 1: 1-19.

Book chapter
Published: 27 September 2013 in Issues in Agroecology – Present Status and Future Prospectus
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This review provides an introduction to organic farming, its history and concepts, organic certification systems and governmental support, impacts to the environment and food security, the quality of organic food, and the impact of organic farming on human health. Organic farming is a holistic approach to agriculture and food systems that is based on agroecosystem health, soil fertility, reduction of inputs, and locally to regionally adapted farming systems. The first organic ideas were developed after World War I in Europe as an alternative to the existing conventional farming systems which induced rapid and crucial social and environmental changes in rural areas. Today, organic farming is growing rapidly on a global scale, with around 370 million hectares currently under certified organic management and a turnover of organic products amounting to 60 billion US dollars. Given that organic farming has environmental benefits, some governments are subsidizing organic farmers, while others establish legally valid organic standards that must be followed to enhance consumer trust in organic labeling.

ACS Style

Sabine Zikeli; Ewa Rembiałkowska; Aneta Załęcka; Maciej Badowski. Organic Farming and Organic Food Quality: Prospects and Limitations. Issues in Agroecology – Present Status and Future Prospectus 2013, 3, 85 -164.

AMA Style

Sabine Zikeli, Ewa Rembiałkowska, Aneta Załęcka, Maciej Badowski. Organic Farming and Organic Food Quality: Prospects and Limitations. Issues in Agroecology – Present Status and Future Prospectus. 2013; 3 ():85-164.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sabine Zikeli; Ewa Rembiałkowska; Aneta Załęcka; Maciej Badowski. 2013. "Organic Farming and Organic Food Quality: Prospects and Limitations." Issues in Agroecology – Present Status and Future Prospectus 3, no. : 85-164.

Journal article
Published: 12 September 2013 in Sustainability
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A field experiment was performed in Southwest Germany to examine the effects of long-term reduced tillage (2000–2012). Tillage treatments were deep moldboard plow: DP, 25 cm; double-layer plow; DLP, 15 + 10 cm, shallow moldboard plow: SP, 15 cm and chisel plow: CP, 15 cm, each of them with or without preceding stubble tillage. The mean yields of a typical eight-year crop rotation were 22% lower with CP compared to DP, and 3% lower with SP and DLP. Stubble tillage increased yields by 11% across all treatments. Soil nutrients were high with all tillage strategies and amounted for 34–57 mg kg−1 P and 48–113 mg kg−1 K (0–60 cm soil depth). Humus budgets showed a high carbon input via crops but this was not reflected in the actual Corg content of the soil. Corg decreased as soil depth increased from 13.7 g kg−1 (0–20 cm) to 4.3 g kg−1 (40–60 cm) across all treatments. After 12 years of experiment, SP and CP resulted in significantly higher Corg content in 0–20 cm soil depth, compared to DP and DLP. Stubble tillage had no significant effect on Corg. Stubble tillage combined with reduced primary tillage can sustain yield levels without compromising beneficial effects from reduced tillage on Corg and available nutrient content.

ACS Style

Sabine Zikeli; Sabine Gruber; Claus-Felix Teufel; Karin Hartung; Wilhelm Claupein. Effects of Reduced Tillage on Crop Yield, Plant Available Nutrients and Soil Organic Matter in a 12-Year Long-Term Trial under Organic Management. Sustainability 2013, 5, 3876 -3894.

AMA Style

Sabine Zikeli, Sabine Gruber, Claus-Felix Teufel, Karin Hartung, Wilhelm Claupein. Effects of Reduced Tillage on Crop Yield, Plant Available Nutrients and Soil Organic Matter in a 12-Year Long-Term Trial under Organic Management. Sustainability. 2013; 5 (9):3876-3894.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sabine Zikeli; Sabine Gruber; Claus-Felix Teufel; Karin Hartung; Wilhelm Claupein. 2013. "Effects of Reduced Tillage on Crop Yield, Plant Available Nutrients and Soil Organic Matter in a 12-Year Long-Term Trial under Organic Management." Sustainability 5, no. 9: 3876-3894.