We had previously reported on serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as an earlier biomarker of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) than serum creatinine (SCr) in 100 patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing coronary angiography. ¹ We then compared serum NGAL to serum cystatin C (CysC) in the same group of patients. The SCr, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum NGAL, and serum CysC were measured at baseline and various time points as appropriate postprocedure. The frequency of CIN was 11% (n = 11). Serum NGAL increased ≥25% from baseline at 24 hours in 7 patients with CIN ( P = .04). Serum CysC increased ≥25% from baseline at 24 hours in 4 patients with CIN ( P = .008). Changes in serum NGAL and serum CysC from baseline at 24 hours (▵ values) could diagnose CIN 24 hours earlier than SCr with serum NGAL showing a superior performance.

We investigated whether serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) was an early predictive biomarker of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients with chronic kidney disease (n = 100) undergoing coronary catheterization. Serum creatinine (SCr) levels were measured at baseline, 24 hours, and 48 hours post procedure. Serum NGAL was measured preprocedure, 4 hours, and 24 hours post procedure. The frequency of CIN was 11%. In patients with CIN, SCr achieved significance only at 48 hours (P = .006), whereas serum NGAL increased ≥25% from baseline at 24 hours in 7 of 11 patients with CIN (P = .04) but did not change in the other 4. However, serum NGAL also rose ≥25% in 12 of 89 non-CIN patients. This subgroup could have had “incipient CIN.” Serum NGAL delta value at baseline, 24 hours was superior to SCr for early diagnosis of CIN. In conclusion, serum NGAL is an early predictive biomarker for CIN.

Objective. This longitudinal study aimed to determine the urine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (uMCP-1) levels in patients with biopsy-proven lupus nephritis (LN) at various stages of renal disease activity and to compare them to current standard markers.Methods. Patients with LN—active or inactive—had their uMCP-1 levels and standard disease activity markers measured at baseline and 2 and 4 months. Urinary parameters, renal function test, serological markers, and renal SLE disease activity index-2K (renal SLEDAI-2K) were analyzed to determine their associations with uMCP-1.Results. A hundred patients completed the study. At each visit, uMCP-1 levels (pg/mg creatinine) were significantly higher in the active group especially with relapses and were significantly associated with proteinuria and renal SLEDAI-2K. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed that uMCP-1 was a potential biomarker for LN. Whereas multiple logistic regression analysis showed that only proteinuria and serum albumin and not uMCP-1 were independent predictors of LN activity.Conclusion. uMCP-1 was increased in active LN. Although uMCP-1 was not an independent predictor for LN activity, it could serve as an adjunctive marker when the clinical diagnosis of LN especially early relapse remains uncertain. Larger and longer studies are indicated.

Background: Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) remain a significant challenge in healthcare settings, contributing to increased morbidity, prolonged hospital stays, and higher treatment costs. Nurses play a critical role in preventing SSIs through adherence to infection control measures, yet gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) continue to hinder effective prevention strategies. Educational interventions have been recognized as essential tools for enhancing nurses' competencies in SSI prevention, improving adherence to best practices, and reducing infection rates. However, the effectiveness of such programs in improving nurses’ KAP requires further investigation to optimize infection control efforts. Objective: This study aims to assess nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to SSI prevention and evaluate the impact of an educational intervention program on improving their competencies. Specifically, the research investigates existing gaps in knowledge and adherence to best practices, examines nurses’ perceptions of SSI prevention strategies, and measures the effectiveness of targeted training in enhancing infection control compliance. Methodology: A systematic review to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) on surgical site infections (SSIs) among nurses and to evaluate the effect of educational interventions on preventing these infections. A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for studies exploring SSI-related KAP among nurses. Referee-reviewed studies evidencing empirical research and systematic reviews published in the past five years were included. Data extraction addressed baseline knowledge, attitudes, and practices as well as the effectiveness of educational interventions, including lecture sessions, hands-on training, and case-based discussions. Findings were extracted and synthesized thematically and statistically to present evidence-based insights into the role of training programs in improving SSI prevention practices of nurses. Key Findings: The study findings indicate that while a majority of nurses demonstrated moderate awareness of SSI prevention guidelines, significant gaps existed in certain critical areas, including proper wound care techniques, surgical hand hygiene compliance, and appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis administration. Nurses’ attitudes toward SSI prevention were generally positive; however, a lack of confidence in certain infection control measures was observed. Post-intervention results revealed a substantial improvement in knowledge scores, increased adherence to evidence-based practices, and greater confidence in implementing infection control measures. The educational program was particularly effective in reinforcing hand hygiene compliance, sterile technique adherence, and early recognition of SSI symptoms. Future Directions: To sustain the benefits of educational interventions, healthcare institutions should integrate continuous professional development programs focused on SSI prevention. Future research should explore the long-term impact of such training on clinical outcomes, assess the role of digital learning platforms in reinforcing infection control education, and investigate the effectiveness of interdisciplinary training approaches involving surgeons, nurses, and infection control specialists. Additionally, institutional policies should prioritize ongoing infection prevention audits, mentorship programs, and resource allocation to enhance nurses' adherence to SSI prevention protocols. Conclusion: This study underscores the critical role of educational interventions in improving nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding SSI prevention. By addressing existing knowledge gaps and reinforcing best practices, structured training programs can significantly enhance infection control measures in surgical settings. Sustained efforts in nurse education, institutional support, and continuous professional development are essential for reducing SSI rates and improving patient safety in healthcare environments. Background: Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) remain a significant challenge in healthcare settings, contributing to increased morbidity, prolonged hospital stays, and higher treatment costs. Nurses play a critical role in preventing SSIs through adherence to infection control measures, yet gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) continue to hinder effective prevention strategies. Educational interventions have been recognized as essential tools for enhancing nurses' competencies in SSI prevention, improving adherence to best practices, and reducing infection rates. However, the effectiveness of such programs in improving nurses’ KAP requires further investigation to optimize infection control efforts. Objective: This study aims to assess nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to SSI prevention and evaluate the impact of an educational intervention program on improving their competencies. Specifically, the research investigates existing gaps in knowledge and adherence to best practices, examines nurses’ perceptions of SSI prevention strategies, and measures the effectiveness of targeted training in enhancing infection control compliance. Methodology: A systematic review to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) on surgical site infections (SSIs) among nurses and to evaluate the effect of educational interventions on preventing these infections. A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for studies exploring SSI-related KAP among nurses. Referee-reviewed studies evidencing empirical research and systematic reviews published in the past five years were included. Data extraction addressed baseline knowledge, attitudes, and practices as well as the effectiveness of educational interventions, including...