This study aimed to investigate the effects of dual task (DT) and triple task (TT) conditions on walking performance in male children, adolescents and young adults. Based on previous multi-task research, we hypothesized that multitasking (DT and TT) would reduce walking velocity compared to single-task (ST) walking, with the strongest interference expected under TT conditions. Greater performance decrements were also anticipated in children than in adolescents and young adults. Ten children, ten adolescents, and ten young adults performed a ten-meter walking test under four conditions: ST, cognitive-DT (walking + verbal fluency), motor-DT (walking + carrying a tray with a ball), and TT (walking + verbal fluency + carrying a tray with a ball). Walking performance was quantified with the walking velocity during each condition. Multi-task walking interference was calculated based on the delta percentage (Δ%) change for walking velocity. For both children and adolescent groups, walking velocity decreased significantly (p < 0.001) during all multi-task conditions compared to the ST condition. These values were significantly (p < 0.01) lower in the TT compared to the cognitive-DT and motor-DT conditions. In the young adults’ group, the walking velocity decreased significantly (p < 0.001) only in the cognitive-DT and TT conditions in comparison to the ST one. The children’s group presented significantly (p < 0.001) lower walking velocity compared to the adolescents’ and the young adults’ groups in all multi-task conditions. The multi-task effects on walking were more apparent in children compared to adolescents and young adults. Among multi-task conditions, the TT caused the greatest interference among children and adolescents compared to the DT situations. Overall, these findings align with attentional resource theory, indicating that younger children experience greater multitasking interference due to limited attentional capacity. Practically, the results emphasize the need for age-appropriate multi-task activities to support safe and effective multitasking development.

Proprioception is fundamental for accurate movements, balance, and postural control, ensuring stability and orientation in both static and dynamic tasks. I

Adolescents with visual impairment (VI) often exhibit deficits in postural balance and mobility performance. Previous research suggests that music may posi

Introduction: Athletic identity, the degree to which individuals define themselves through their sport role, persists long after or alongside active sporting engagement and shapes behavior, decision-making and self-concept. Despite growing interest in the relationship between sport and entrepreneurship, little is known about how this identity transfers into entrepreneurial contexts, particularly outside Western settings. This study examines how Saudi athlete-entrepreneurs experience and make sense of athletic identity transfer within the context of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 reforms, which have rapidly expanded the national sport sector and opened new entrepreneurial pathways for athletes. Methods: An exploratory qualitative design was adopted. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted in Arabic with 24 Saudi athlete-entrepreneurs (10 men, 14 women), predominantly amateur and recreational athletes with sustained sport engagement. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Four overarching themes of sport-derived resource transfer were identified: sport-derived personal traits, sport-derived professional skills, sport-derived athletic legacy, and sport-derived social and community values. A marked identity tension also emerged: the majority of participants reported a discrepancy between their internal athletic self-perception and their external entrepreneurial image, a pattern particularly pronounced among women. Discussion: The findings support an identity-layering rather than identity-replacement account of the sport-to-entrepreneurship transition and extend sport entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial identity theory beyond their predominantly Western boundaries. They carry implications for athlete career development programmes and sport management policy in Saudi Arabia and the broader Arab world.