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Dr. Shade T. Shutters
Global Security Initiative, Arizona State University, PO Box 875604, Tempe, AZ 85287-5604, USA

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0 Big Data Analytics
0 urban resilience
0 Urban Sustainability
0 Urban dynamics
0 Urban labor structure

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urban resilience
Urban Sustainability
Urban scaling
Science of cities

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Journal article
Published: 23 February 2021 in Sustainability
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The future sustainability of cities is contingent on economic resilience. Yet, urban resilience is still not well understood, as cities are frequently disrupted by shocks, such as natural disasters, economic recessions, or changes in government policies. These shocks can significantly alter a city’s economic structure. Yet the term economic structure is often used metaphorically and is often not understood sufficiently by those having to implement policies. Here, we operationalized the concept of economic structure as a weighted network of interdependent industry sectors. For 938 U.S. urban areas, we then quantified the magnitude of change in the areas’ economic structures over time, focusing on changes associated with the 2007–2009 global recession. The result is a novel method of analyzing urban change over time as well as a typology of U.S. urban systems based on how their economic structures responded to the recession. We further compared those urban types to changes in economic performance during the recession to explore each structural type’s adaptive capacity. Results suggest cities that undergo constant but measured change are better positioned to weather the impacts of economic shocks.

ACS Style

Shade Shutters; Srinivasa Kandala; Fangwu Wei; Ann Kinzig. Resilience of Urban Economic Structures Following the Great Recession. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2374 .

AMA Style

Shade Shutters, Srinivasa Kandala, Fangwu Wei, Ann Kinzig. Resilience of Urban Economic Structures Following the Great Recession. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):2374.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shade Shutters; Srinivasa Kandala; Fangwu Wei; Ann Kinzig. 2021. "Resilience of Urban Economic Structures Following the Great Recession." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 2374.

Journal article
Published: 10 February 2021 in Urban Science
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The COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 fundamentally changed the way we interact with and engage in commerce. Social distancing and stay-at-home orders leave businesses and cities wondering how future economic activity moves forward. The reduction in face-to-face interactions creates an impetus to understand how social interactivity influences economic efficiency and rates of innovation. Here, we create a measure of the degree to which a workforce engages in social interactions, analyzing its relationships to economic innovation and efficiency. We do this by decomposing U.S. occupations into individual work activities, determining which of those activities are associated with face-to-face interactions. We then re-aggregate the labor forces of U.S. metropolitan statistical areas (MSA) into a metric of urban social interactiveness. Using a novel measure of urbanized area, we then calculate each MSA’s density of social work activities. We find that our metric of urban socialness is positively correlated with a city’s per worker patent production. Furthermore, we use our set of social work activities to reaggregate the workforces of U.S. industries into a metric of industry social interactivness, finding that this measure scales superlinearly with an industry’s per worker GDP. Together, the results suggest that social interaction among workers is an important driver of both a city’s rate of invention and an industry’s economic efficiency. Finally, we briefly highlight analogies between cities and stars and discuss their potential to guide further research, vis-à-vis the density of social interactions “igniting” a city or industry.

ACS Style

Deryc Painter; Shade Shutters; Elizabeth Wentz. Innovations and Economic Output Scale with Social Interactions in the Workforce. Urban Science 2021, 5, 21 .

AMA Style

Deryc Painter, Shade Shutters, Elizabeth Wentz. Innovations and Economic Output Scale with Social Interactions in the Workforce. Urban Science. 2021; 5 (1):21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deryc Painter; Shade Shutters; Elizabeth Wentz. 2021. "Innovations and Economic Output Scale with Social Interactions in the Workforce." Urban Science 5, no. 1: 21.

Preprint
Published: 13 January 2021
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The COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 changed the way we interact and engage in commerce at a fundamental level. Social distancing and stay-at-home orders leave businesses and cities wondering what economic activity will look like in the future. Given a likely reduction in face-to-face interactions, it is important to better understand how social interactivity influences economic outcomes. Here we measure the effect of social interactions in the workforce on patent production and economic efficiency. We decompose U.S. occupations into individual work activities, determine which of those activities are associated with face-to-face interactions, and reaggregate the labor force of each U.S. metropolitan statistical area (MSA) into a metric of social interactiveness. We then calculate each MSA’s density of social work activities and find that this measure is more highly correlated with an MSA’s per capita patent production than simple population density. This suggests that density of face-to-face interactions is the important driver of a city’s rate of invention. We close by exploring analogies between the development of cities and the development of stars, suggesting ways these analogies may help frame future research on cities.

ACS Style

Deryc T. Painter; Shade T. Shutters; Elizabeth Wentz. Innovations and Economic Output Scale with Social Interactions in the Workforce. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Deryc T. Painter, Shade T. Shutters, Elizabeth Wentz. Innovations and Economic Output Scale with Social Interactions in the Workforce. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deryc T. Painter; Shade T. Shutters; Elizabeth Wentz. 2021. "Innovations and Economic Output Scale with Social Interactions in the Workforce." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 25 September 2020 in Entropy
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Cities are among the best examples of complex systems. The adaptive components of a city, such as its people, firms, institutions, and physical structures, form intricate and often non-intuitive interdependencies with one another. These interdependencies can be quantified and represented as links of a network that give visibility to otherwise cryptic structural elements of urban systems. Here, we use aspects of information theory to elucidate the interdependence network among labor skills, illuminating parts of the hidden economic structure of cities. Using pairwise interdependencies we compute an aggregate, skills-based measure of system “tightness” of a city’s labor force, capturing the degree of integration or internal connectedness of a city’s economy. We find that urban economies with higher tightness tend to be more productive in terms of higher GDP per capita. However, related work has shown that cities with higher system tightness are also more negatively affected by shocks. Thus, our skills-based metric may offer additional insights into a city’s resilience. Finally, we demonstrate how viewing the web of interdependent skills as a weighted network can lead to additional insights about cities and their economies.

ACS Style

Shade T. Shutters; Keith Waters. Inferring Networks of Interdependent Labor Skills to Illuminate Urban Economic Structure. Entropy 2020, 22, 1078 .

AMA Style

Shade T. Shutters, Keith Waters. Inferring Networks of Interdependent Labor Skills to Illuminate Urban Economic Structure. Entropy. 2020; 22 (10):1078.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shade T. Shutters; Keith Waters. 2020. "Inferring Networks of Interdependent Labor Skills to Illuminate Urban Economic Structure." Entropy 22, no. 10: 1078.

Preprint
Published: 28 January 2020 in SSRN Electronic Journal
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Urban science seeks to understand the fundamental processes that drive, shape and sustain cities and urbanization. It is a multi/transdisciplinary approach involving concepts, methods and research from the social, natural, engineering and computational sciences, along with the humanities. This report is intended to convey the current “state of the art” in urban science while also clearly indicating how urban science builds upon and complements (but does not replace) prior work on cities and urbanization in many other disciplines. The report does not aim at a fully comprehensive synopsis of work done under the rubric of “urban science” but it does aim to convey what makes urban science different from discipline-based examinations of cities and urbanization. It also highlights novel insights generated by the inherently multidisciplinary inquiry that urban science exemplifies. The authors of the report are all based in academic or research institutions but several of them are close to practice by virtue of collaboration with NGOs and community groups and engagement with policy. The authors also represent different academic disciplines and varied traditions of scientific inquiry. The report is meant to facilitate, and hopefully also provoke, discussion among the many stakeholders for whom a scientifically based, empirically rich, and historically deep understanding of cities and urbanization is not only intellectually compelling but also socially urgent and ethically pressing. We believe that the innovative scholarship constituting urban science can importantly provide scientific leadership to support meeting the urgent challenges of global sustainable development.

ACS Style

Jose Lobo; Marina Alberti; Melissa Allen-Dumas; Elsa Arcaute; Marc Barthelemy; Luis A. Bojorquez Tapia; Shauna Brail; Luis Bettencourt; Anni Beukes; Wei‐Qiang Chen; Richard Florida; Marta Gonzalez; Nancy Grimm; Marcus Hamilton; Chris Kempes; Constantine E. Kontokosta; Charlotta Mellander; Zachary P. Neal; Scott Ortman; Deirdre Pfeiffer; Michael Price; Aromar Revi; Céline Rozenblat; Diego Rybski; Matthew Siemiatycki; Shade T. Shutters; Michael E. Smith; Eleanor C. Stokes; Deborah Strumsky; Geoffrey West; Devin White; Jingle Wu; Vicky Chuqiao Yang; Abigail York; Hyejin Youn. Urban Science: Integrated Theory from the First Cities to Sustainable Metropolises. SSRN Electronic Journal 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Jose Lobo, Marina Alberti, Melissa Allen-Dumas, Elsa Arcaute, Marc Barthelemy, Luis A. Bojorquez Tapia, Shauna Brail, Luis Bettencourt, Anni Beukes, Wei‐Qiang Chen, Richard Florida, Marta Gonzalez, Nancy Grimm, Marcus Hamilton, Chris Kempes, Constantine E. Kontokosta, Charlotta Mellander, Zachary P. Neal, Scott Ortman, Deirdre Pfeiffer, Michael Price, Aromar Revi, Céline Rozenblat, Diego Rybski, Matthew Siemiatycki, Shade T. Shutters, Michael E. Smith, Eleanor C. Stokes, Deborah Strumsky, Geoffrey West, Devin White, Jingle Wu, Vicky Chuqiao Yang, Abigail York, Hyejin Youn. Urban Science: Integrated Theory from the First Cities to Sustainable Metropolises. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jose Lobo; Marina Alberti; Melissa Allen-Dumas; Elsa Arcaute; Marc Barthelemy; Luis A. Bojorquez Tapia; Shauna Brail; Luis Bettencourt; Anni Beukes; Wei‐Qiang Chen; Richard Florida; Marta Gonzalez; Nancy Grimm; Marcus Hamilton; Chris Kempes; Constantine E. Kontokosta; Charlotta Mellander; Zachary P. Neal; Scott Ortman; Deirdre Pfeiffer; Michael Price; Aromar Revi; Céline Rozenblat; Diego Rybski; Matthew Siemiatycki; Shade T. Shutters; Michael E. Smith; Eleanor C. Stokes; Deborah Strumsky; Geoffrey West; Devin White; Jingle Wu; Vicky Chuqiao Yang; Abigail York; Hyejin Youn. 2020. "Urban Science: Integrated Theory from the First Cities to Sustainable Metropolises." SSRN Electronic Journal , no. : 1.

Editorial
Published: 20 September 2018 in Urban Science
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Increased use of sensors and social data collection methods have provided cites with unprecedented amounts of data. Yet, data alone is no guarantee that cities will make smarter decisions and many of what we call smart cities would be more accurately described as data-driven cities. Parallel advances in theory are needed to make sense of those novel data streams and computationally intensive decision support models are needed to guide decision makers through the avalanche of new data. Fortunately, extraordinary increases in computational ability and data availability in the last two decades have led to revolutionary advances in the simulation and modeling of complex systems. Techniques, such as agent-based modeling and systems dynamic modeling, have taken advantage of these advances to make major contributions to diverse disciplines such as personalized medicine, computational chemistry, social dynamics, or behavioral economics. Urban systems, with dynamic webs of interacting human, institutional, environmental, and physical systems, are particularly suited to the application of these advanced modeling and simulation techniques. Contributions to this special issue highlight the use of such techniques and are particularly timely as an emerging science of cities begins to crystallize.

ACS Style

Shade T. Shutters. Urban Science: Putting the “Smart” in Smart Cities. Urban Science 2018, 2, 94 .

AMA Style

Shade T. Shutters. Urban Science: Putting the “Smart” in Smart Cities. Urban Science. 2018; 2 (4):94.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shade T. Shutters. 2018. "Urban Science: Putting the “Smart” in Smart Cities." Urban Science 2, no. 4: 94.

Journal article
Published: 20 August 2018 in IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
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Economic globalization is increasing connectedness among regions of the world, creating complex interdependencies within various supply chains. Recent studies have indicated that changes and disruptions within such networks can serve as indicators for increased risks of violence and armed conflicts. This is especially true of countries that may not be able to compete for scarce commodities during supply shocks. Thus, network-induced vulnerability to supply disruption is typically exported from wealthier populations to disadvantaged populations. As such, researchers and stakeholders concerned with supply chains, political science, environmental studies, etc. need tools to explore the complex dynamics within global trade networks and how the structure of these networks relates to regional instability. However, the multivariate, spatiotemporal nature of the network structure creates a bottleneck in the extraction and analysis of correlations and anomalies for exploratory data analysis and hypothesis generation. Working closely with experts in political science and sustainability, we have developed a highly coordinated, multi-view framework that utilizes anomaly detection, network analytics, and spatiotemporal visualization methods for exploring the relationship between global trade networks and regional instability. Requirements for analysis and initial research questions to be investigated are elicited from domain experts, and a variety of visual encoding techniques for rapid assessment of analysis and correlations between trade goods, network patterns, and time series signatures are explored. We demonstrate the application of our framework through case studies focusing on armed conflicts in Africa, regional instability measures, and their relationship to international global trade.

ACS Style

Hong Wang; Yafeng Lu; Shade T. Shutters; Michael Steptoe; Feng Wang; Steven Landis; Ross Maciejewski. A Visual Analytics Framework for Spatiotemporal Trade Network Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 2018, 25, 331 -341.

AMA Style

Hong Wang, Yafeng Lu, Shade T. Shutters, Michael Steptoe, Feng Wang, Steven Landis, Ross Maciejewski. A Visual Analytics Framework for Spatiotemporal Trade Network Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics. 2018; 25 (1):331-341.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hong Wang; Yafeng Lu; Shade T. Shutters; Michael Steptoe; Feng Wang; Steven Landis; Ross Maciejewski. 2018. "A Visual Analytics Framework for Spatiotemporal Trade Network Analysis." IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 25, no. 1: 331-341.

Research article
Published: 07 May 2018 in PLOS ONE
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Urban economies are composed of diverse activities, embodied in labor occupations, which depend on one another to produce goods and services. Yet little is known about how the nature and intensity of these interdependences change as cities increase in population size and economic complexity. Understanding the relationship between occupational interdependencies and the number of occupations defining an urban economy is relevant because interdependence within a networked system has implications for system resilience and for how easily can the structure of the network be modified. Here, we represent the interdependencies among occupations in a city as a non-spatial information network, where the strengths of interdependence between pairs of occupations determine the strengths of the links in the network. Using those quantified link strengths we calculate a single metric of interdependence–or connectedness–which is equivalent to the density of a city’s weighted occupational network. We then examine urban systems in six industrialized countries, analyzing how the density of urban occupational networks changes with network size, measured as the number of unique occupations present in an urban workforce. We find that in all six countries, density, or economic interdependence, increases superlinearly with the number of distinct occupations. Because connections among occupations represent flows of information, we provide evidence that connectivity scales superlinearly with network size in information networks.

ACS Style

Shade T. Shutters; José Lobo; Rachata Muneepeerakul; Deborah Strumsky; Charlotta Mellander; Matthias Brachert; Teresa Farinha; Luis M. A. Bettencourt. Urban occupational structures as information networks: The effect on network density of increasing number of occupations. PLOS ONE 2018, 13, e0196915 .

AMA Style

Shade T. Shutters, José Lobo, Rachata Muneepeerakul, Deborah Strumsky, Charlotta Mellander, Matthias Brachert, Teresa Farinha, Luis M. A. Bettencourt. Urban occupational structures as information networks: The effect on network density of increasing number of occupations. PLOS ONE. 2018; 13 (5):e0196915.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shade T. Shutters; José Lobo; Rachata Muneepeerakul; Deborah Strumsky; Charlotta Mellander; Matthias Brachert; Teresa Farinha; Luis M. A. Bettencourt. 2018. "Urban occupational structures as information networks: The effect on network density of increasing number of occupations." PLOS ONE 13, no. 5: e0196915.

Research article
Published: 20 July 2016 in Urban Studies
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Creative (knowledge-intensive) occupations are now widely seen as a basis for urban economic prosperity. Yet the transitional pathways from a city’s current economy to a more creative economy are often difficult to discern or to navigate. Here we use a network perspective of occupational interdependencies to address questions of urban transitions to a creative economy. This perspective allows us to assess alternative pathways and to compare cities with regard to their progress along these pathways. We find that US urban areas follow a general trajectory towards a creative economy that requires them to increasingly specialise, not only in creative occupations, but also in non-creative ones – presumably because certain non-creative occupations complement the tasks performed by related creative occupations. This creates a pull towards non-creative occupations that becomes ever stronger as a city moves more towards a creative economy. All in all, cities with the most creative economies must undergo an overall diversification of specialised occupations, with a greater diversification rate for creative occupations, and maintain those creative specialisations despite the pull towards a non-creative economy.

ACS Style

Shade T Shutters; Rachata Muneepeerakul; José Lobo. Constrained pathways to a creative urban economy. Urban Studies 2016, 53, 3439 -3454.

AMA Style

Shade T Shutters, Rachata Muneepeerakul, José Lobo. Constrained pathways to a creative urban economy. Urban Studies. 2016; 53 (16):3439-3454.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shade T Shutters; Rachata Muneepeerakul; José Lobo. 2016. "Constrained pathways to a creative urban economy." Urban Studies 53, no. 16: 3439-3454.

Research article
Published: 25 August 2015 in Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design
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Home to over half the world's population, cities are the drivers of the global economy and the primary influencers of the Earth's sustainability. Thus, the burden of sustainable economic development falls ever more on cities, with many global organizations and governments calling for the promotion of ‘green’ economies. Yet how does a city move from its current economic structure to a green economy? Using detailed occupational data for US cities, we develop a green jobs index based on the network of interdependencies between occupational specializations. Using this index we quantify how close a city's current economy is to the green economy. We further show that movement or transition through this ‘occupation space’ toward a green economy is a slow and difficult process, with the average annual movement towards a green economy across all US cities being close to zero. Such difficulty is uncorrelated with a city's current population size, density, per capita GDP, per capita income, or even the city's current green jobs index. Furthermore, the structure of occupational interdependencies gives rise to suboptimal movements towards the green economy.

ACS Style

Shade T Shutters; Rachata Muneepeerakul; José Lobo. How hard is it for urban economies to become ‘green’? Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 2015, 43, 198 -209.

AMA Style

Shade T Shutters, Rachata Muneepeerakul, José Lobo. How hard is it for urban economies to become ‘green’? Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. 2015; 43 (1):198-209.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shade T Shutters; Rachata Muneepeerakul; José Lobo. 2015. "How hard is it for urban economies to become ‘green’?" Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 43, no. 1: 198-209.

Journal article
Published: 26 May 2015 in Society & Natural Resources
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ACS Style

Bethany Cutts; Tischa A. Muñoz-Erickson; Shade T. Shutters. Public Representation in Water Management—A Network Analysis of Organization and Public Perceptions in Phoenix, Arizona. Society & Natural Resources 2015, 28, 1340 -1357.

AMA Style

Bethany Cutts, Tischa A. Muñoz-Erickson, Shade T. Shutters. Public Representation in Water Management—A Network Analysis of Organization and Public Perceptions in Phoenix, Arizona. Society & Natural Resources. 2015; 28 (12):1340-1357.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bethany Cutts; Tischa A. Muñoz-Erickson; Shade T. Shutters. 2015. "Public Representation in Water Management—A Network Analysis of Organization and Public Perceptions in Phoenix, Arizona." Society & Natural Resources 28, no. 12: 1340-1357.

Journal article
Published: 19 May 2015 in Palgrave Communications
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Palgrave Communications is an open access online-only journal dedicated to publishing high quality original research across all areas of the humanities, the social sciences and business

ACS Style

Shade T Shutters; Rachata Muneepeerakul; José Lobo. Quantifying urban economic resilience through labour force interdependence. Palgrave Communications 2015, 1, 1 .

AMA Style

Shade T Shutters, Rachata Muneepeerakul, José Lobo. Quantifying urban economic resilience through labour force interdependence. Palgrave Communications. 2015; 1 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shade T Shutters; Rachata Muneepeerakul; José Lobo. 2015. "Quantifying urban economic resilience through labour force interdependence." Palgrave Communications 1, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 28 April 2015 in Sustainability
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Urbanization continues to be a transformative process globally, affecting ecosystem integrity and the health and well being of people around the world. Although cities tend to be centers for both the production and consumption of goods and services that degrade natural environments, there is also evidence that urban ecosystems can play a positive role in sustainability efforts. Despite the fact that most of the urbanization is now occurring in the developing countries of the Global South, much of what we know about urban ecosystems has been developed from studying cities in the United States and across Europe. We propose a conceptual framework to broaden the development of urban ecological research and its application to sustainability. Our framework describes four key contemporary urban features that should be accounted for in any attempt to build a unified theory of cities that contributes to urban sustainability efforts. We evaluated a range of examples from cities around the world, highlighting how urban areas are complex, connected, diffuse and diverse and what these interconnected features mean for the study of urban ecosystems and sustainability.

ACS Style

Melissa R. McHale; Steward T.A. Pickett; Olga Barbosa; David N. Bunn; Mary L. Cadenasso; Daniel L. Childers; Meredith Gartin; George R. Hess; David Iwaniec; Timon McPhearson; M. Nils Peterson; Alexandria Poole; Louie Rivers; Shade T. Shutters; Weiqi Zhou. The New Global Urban Realm: Complex, Connected, Diffuse, and Diverse Social-Ecological Systems. Sustainability 2015, 7, 5211 -5240.

AMA Style

Melissa R. McHale, Steward T.A. Pickett, Olga Barbosa, David N. Bunn, Mary L. Cadenasso, Daniel L. Childers, Meredith Gartin, George R. Hess, David Iwaniec, Timon McPhearson, M. Nils Peterson, Alexandria Poole, Louie Rivers, Shade T. Shutters, Weiqi Zhou. The New Global Urban Realm: Complex, Connected, Diffuse, and Diverse Social-Ecological Systems. Sustainability. 2015; 7 (5):5211-5240.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Melissa R. McHale; Steward T.A. Pickett; Olga Barbosa; David N. Bunn; Mary L. Cadenasso; Daniel L. Childers; Meredith Gartin; George R. Hess; David Iwaniec; Timon McPhearson; M. Nils Peterson; Alexandria Poole; Louie Rivers; Shade T. Shutters; Weiqi Zhou. 2015. "The New Global Urban Realm: Complex, Connected, Diffuse, and Diverse Social-Ecological Systems." Sustainability 7, no. 5: 5211-5240.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation
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ACS Style

Shade T. Shutters; David Hales. Altruism Displays a Harmonic Signature in Structured Societies. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 2015, 18, 1 .

AMA Style

Shade T. Shutters, David Hales. Altruism Displays a Harmonic Signature in Structured Societies. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation. 2015; 18 (3):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shade T. Shutters; David Hales. 2015. "Altruism Displays a Harmonic Signature in Structured Societies." Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 18, no. 3: 1.

Journal article
Published: 11 April 2014 in Bulletin of Mathematical Biology
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Many urban phenomena exhibit remarkable regularity in the form of nonlinear scaling behaviors, but their implications on a system of networked cities has never been investigated. Such knowledge is crucial for our ability to harness the complexity of urban processes to further sustainability science. In this paper, we develop a dynamical modeling framework that embeds population–resource dynamics—a generalized Lotka–Volterra system with modifications to incorporate the urban scaling behaviors—in complex networks in which cities may be linked to the resources of other cities and people may migrate in pursuit of higher welfare. We find that isolated cities (i.e., no migration) are susceptible to collapse if they do not have access to adequate resources. Links to other cities may help cities that would otherwise collapse due to insufficient resources. The effects of inter-city links, however, can vary due to the interplay between the nonlinear scaling behaviors and network structure. The long-term population level of a city is, in many settings, largely a function of the city’s access to resources over which the city has little or no competition. Nonetheless, careful investigation of dynamics is required to gain mechanistic understanding of a particular city–resource network because cities and resources may collapse and the scaling behaviors may influence the effects of inter-city links, thereby distorting what topological metrics really measure.

ACS Style

Murad R. Qubbaj; Shade T. Shutters; Rachata Muneepeerakul. Living in a Network of Scaling Cities and Finite Resources. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 2014, 77, 390 -407.

AMA Style

Murad R. Qubbaj, Shade T. Shutters, Rachata Muneepeerakul. Living in a Network of Scaling Cities and Finite Resources. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology. 2014; 77 (2):390-407.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Murad R. Qubbaj; Shade T. Shutters; Rachata Muneepeerakul. 2014. "Living in a Network of Scaling Cities and Finite Resources." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 77, no. 2: 390-407.

Research article
Published: 09 September 2013 in PLOS ONE
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Much of the socioeconomic life in the United States occurs in its urban areas. While an urban economy is defined to a large extent by its network of occupational specializations, an examination of this important network is absent from the considerable body of work on the determinants of urban economic performance. Here we develop a structure-based analysis addressing how the network of interdependencies among occupational specializations affects the ease with which urban economies can transform themselves. While most occupational specializations exhibit positive relationships between one another, many exhibit negative ones, and the balance between the two partially explains the productivity of an urban economy. The current set of occupational specializations of an urban economy and its location in the occupation space constrain its future development paths. Important tradeoffs exist between different alternatives for altering an occupational specialization pattern, both at a single occupation and an entire occupational portfolio levels.

ACS Style

Rachata Muneepeerakul; José Lobo; Shade T. Shutters; Andres Gomez-Lievano; Murad R. Qubbaj. Urban Economies and Occupation Space: Can They Get “There” from “Here”? PLOS ONE 2013, 8, e73676 .

AMA Style

Rachata Muneepeerakul, José Lobo, Shade T. Shutters, Andres Gomez-Lievano, Murad R. Qubbaj. Urban Economies and Occupation Space: Can They Get “There” from “Here”? PLOS ONE. 2013; 8 (9):e73676.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rachata Muneepeerakul; José Lobo; Shade T. Shutters; Andres Gomez-Lievano; Murad R. Qubbaj. 2013. "Urban Economies and Occupation Space: Can They Get “There” from “Here”?" PLOS ONE 8, no. 9: e73676.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2013 in Evolutionary Psychology
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Cooperative behavior is the subject of intense study in a wide range of scientific fields, yet its evolutionary origins remain largely unexplained. A leading explanation of cooperation is the mechanism of altruistic punishment, where individuals pay to punish others but receive no material benefit in return. Experiments have shown such punishment can induce cooperative outcomes in social dilemmas, though sometimes at the cost of reduced social welfare. However, experiments typically examine the effects of punishing low contributors without allowing others in the environment to respond. Thus, the full ramifications of punishment may not be well understood. Here, I use evolutionary simulations of agents playing a continuous prisoners dilemma to study behavior subsequent to an act of punishment, and how that subsequent behavior affects the efficiency of payoffs. Different network configurations are used to better understand the relative effects of social structure and individual strategies. Results show that when agents can either retaliate against their punisher, or punish those who ignore cheaters, the cooperative effects of punishment are reduced or eliminated. The magnitude of this effect is dependent on the density of the network in which the population is embedded. Overall, results suggest that a better understanding of the aftereffects of punishment is needed to assess the relationship between punishment and cooperative outcomes.

ACS Style

Shade T. Shutters. Collective Action and the Detrimental Side of Punishment. Evolutionary Psychology 2013, 11, 327 -46.

AMA Style

Shade T. Shutters. Collective Action and the Detrimental Side of Punishment. Evolutionary Psychology. 2013; 11 (2):327-46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shade T. Shutters. 2013. "Collective Action and the Detrimental Side of Punishment." Evolutionary Psychology 11, no. 2: 327-46.

Journal article
Published: 21 March 2013 in Journal of Theoretical Biology
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The use of 2-player strategic games is one of the most common frameworks for studying the evolution of economic and social behavior. Games are typically played between two players, each given two choices that lie at the extremes of possible behavior (e.g. completely cooperate or completely defect). Recently there has been much interest in studying the outcome of games in which players may choose a strategy from the continuous interval between extremes, requiring the set of two possible choices be replaced by a single continuous equation. This has led to confusion and even errors in the classification of the game being played. The issue is described here specifically in relation to the continuous prisoners dilemma and the continuous snowdrift game. A case study is then presented demonstrating the misclassification that can result from the extension of discrete games into continuous space. The paper ends with a call for a more rigorous and clear framework for working with continuous games.

ACS Style

Shade T. Shutters. Towards a rigorous framework for studying 2-player continuous games. Journal of Theoretical Biology 2013, 321, 40 -43.

AMA Style

Shade T. Shutters. Towards a rigorous framework for studying 2-player continuous games. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 2013; 321 ():40-43.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shade T. Shutters. 2013. "Towards a rigorous framework for studying 2-player continuous games." Journal of Theoretical Biology 321, no. : 40-43.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2013 in Computer Vision
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Cultural dynamics can be heavily influenced by extremists. To better understand this influence, temporal dynamics of an arbitrary cultural belief are simulated in a simple computational model. Extremist agents, holding an immutable and extreme belief, are used to examine the process of polarization – adoption of the extremist belief by the entire population. Two possible methods of counteracting polarization are examined, removal of the extremist agent and introducing a counter-extremist which holds an immutable belief at the opposite extreme. Eliminating the extremist agent is only effective at the onset of cultural transition, while introducing a counter-extremist is effective at any time and will lead to a dynamic intermediate belief. Finally, a parameter governing the society’s willingness to adopt new beliefs is varied. As it decreases, extremist agents are unable polarize a society. Instead the population breaks permanently into two or more belief groups. The study closes with a possible pathway for extremists to nevertheless polarize a society not open to new beliefs.

ACS Style

Shade T. Shutters. Cultural Polarization and the Role of Extremist Agents: A Simple Simulation Model. Computer Vision 2013, 7812, 93 -101.

AMA Style

Shade T. Shutters. Cultural Polarization and the Role of Extremist Agents: A Simple Simulation Model. Computer Vision. 2013; 7812 ():93-101.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shade T. Shutters. 2013. "Cultural Polarization and the Role of Extremist Agents: A Simple Simulation Model." Computer Vision 7812, no. : 93-101.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2013 in Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation
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ACS Style

Shade T. Shutters; David Hales. Tag-Mediated Altruism is Contingent on How Cheaters Are Defined. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 2013, 16, 1 .

AMA Style

Shade T. Shutters, David Hales. Tag-Mediated Altruism is Contingent on How Cheaters Are Defined. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation. 2013; 16 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shade T. Shutters; David Hales. 2013. "Tag-Mediated Altruism is Contingent on How Cheaters Are Defined." Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 16, no. 1: 1.