There are two types of apidose tissue in the human body. Brown adipose tissue is found in small amounts in the body and produces heat in the body through adaptive thermogenesis in cold conditions and diet. White adipose tissue stores fats as triglycerides to be transferred to the blood as free fatty acids when the excess energy is needed. White fat tissue can transform into brown fat tissue due to factors such as hormonal stimulation, chronic cold environment and exercise. UCP-1 protein, an important protein found in brown adipose tissue, regulates energy distribution. White adipose tissue is divided into two in the body: subcutaneous and visceral white adipose tissue. Visceral tissue surrounds the internal organs, while subcutaneous tissue is found in the thighs and buttocks. Visceral fat cells, which accumulate especially around the abdominal organs, may be closely related to type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis development, fatty liver, cardiovascular diseases and other metabolic diseases, and the most important cause of visceral fat accumulation is due to lifestyle changes, lack of exercise and the application of diet programs. Popular types of exercise to reduce visceral fat tissue include aerobic exercise, combination exercises, resistance exercises, high-intensity interval training and sprint interval training. In particular, aerobic exercises are considered the most popular exercise method used for weight loss because they can be performed easily and cause high energy expenditure. Popular exercise models to reduce visceral fat tissue include aerobic exercise, resistance exercises, combined exercises, high-intensity interval training and sprint interval training. Among these training methods, it is aimed to determine exercise models that aim to reduce the visceral fat rate around the abdominal internal organs at a high rate, and even specifically to determine which exercise model will be most effective.

The purpose of the study; It is aimed to evaluate different breathing techniques such as mouth-to-mouth exhale, mouth-to-nose exhale and mouth-to-mouth and nose exhale to determine which one may have more effect on swimming performance. 16 female participants who joined swimming training for 1 year were determined as the study group. This group was called (age 24.441.09 years, height 166.065.85cm, weight 58.193.22 body). The exercise program applied for 120 minutes, for 2 days a week and lasted 8 weeks. There were 4 techniques (freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly) with varying movements of each technique, with different breathing methods within each training unit. These breathing methods were mouth-to-mouth exhale (MM), mouth-to-nose exhale (MN) and mouth-to-mouth and nose exhale (MMN). These breathing methods were planned and practiced. Windows Excel and SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) 25.0 computer programs were used to analyze the data from the research. Numerical variables are expressed as percentages and mean ± standard deviation. Skewness and kurtosis values were examined to determine whether the data obtained showed a normal distribution or not. In this context, the -2, +2 skewness and kurtosis values determined by George and Mallery (10) were taken into account and it was determined that the distribution was normal. Since the data showed normal distribution, Paired-Sample T test, which is one of the parametric tests, was used to compare dependent variables within groups. One Way Anova test was used for intergroup comparison. The significance level was accepted as (p0.05). On the other hand, in the intergroup comparisons made in the MN and MMN groups, an improvement of 1.01% and. 99%, respectively, was observed and the differences were found to be statistically significant (p0.05). In conclusion; No statistically significant difference was found between 3 different breathing techniques within the training group. In order to reveal this difference, it is recommended to increase and expand the intensity and scope of training time in different studies. Statistically significant differences were found between the pre-and post-test breathing types of inhaling through the mouth (IM), exhaling through the nose (EN), and inhaling through the mouth (IM) and exhaling through both mouth and nose (EMN), thus revealing that they could significantly affect performance.

Background and Study Aim. Understanding the impact of swimming exercises on post-Covid-19 respiratory function is crucial for optimizing recovery strategies in affected individuals. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of 8-week swimming exercises on respiratory function parameters in adult individuals who have had Covid-19 disease. Material and Methods. Sixteen male students, aged 19-21, voluntarily participated in the study. Eight participants were assigned to the experimental group (EG), and eight to the control group (CG), all of whom were students of the Faculty of Sports Sciences at the University. The EG underwent an 8-week swimming exercise program conducted at the Bingöl Youth and Sports swimming pool (25 meters), three days a week. The CG was not involved in any exercise regimen. Pulmonary function tests (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF) were conducted using a Cosmed Pony FXdel 2016 spirometer, one day before and one day after the exercise program for both EG and CG. Data analysis was performed using Independent Samples and Paired Samples T tests in SPSS 25, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results. A statistically significant increase in respiratory FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and PEF function values was observed in the experimental group (EG) after the exercise intervention (p < 0.05). This increase was observed when comparing these values to their pre-exercise measurements. In contrast, there was no statistically significant difference in respiratory function results before and after exercise in the control group (CG) (p > 0.05). Conclusions. The findings of this study highlight the therapeutic potential of an 8-week swimming exercise program in significantly enhancing respiratory function among adult individuals who have previously contracted Covid-19. These results offer valuable insights for the development of post-Covid-19 rehabilitation protocols, emphasizing the importance of regular exercise, such as swimming, in the recovery process.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 12 haftalık kombine dayanıklılık ve direnç antrenman programının U-17 erkek futbolcuların dayanıklılık ve sprint performansına üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektir. Toplam 44 futbolcu, Kombine Antrenman Grubu (KAG, n=22) ve Futbol Antrenman Grubu (FAG, n=22) olarak iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Her iki grup da çalışma süresince düzenli futbol antrenmanlarına devam etmiştir. Deney grubunda yer alan sporcular, genel kondisyon ve performansı artırmak amacıyla haftada dört kez önemli kas gruplarını hedef alan kombine dayanıklılık ve direnç egzersizleri uygulamıştır. Ön test ve son test ölçümleri arasındaki farkları belirlemek için iki yönlü tekrarlanan ölçümler ANOVA testi kullanılmıştır. KAG’da Yo-Yo IR1 testi mesafesinde %23.95’lik bir artış (p=.000) ve 25 m sprint süresinde %4.11’lik bir iyileşme (p=.000) göstermiştir. Buna karşılık, yalnızca düzenli futbol antrenmanı yapan FAG’da her iki performans değişkeninde de istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir değişim gözlenmemiştir (p>.05). Sonuç olarak, iyi yapılandırılmış 12 haftalık eşzamanlı dayanıklılık ve direnç antrenman programının U-17 erkek futbolcularda hem aerobik dayanıklılığı hem de sprint performansını anlamlı şekilde artırabileceği ortaya konmuştur. Ayrıca, eşzamanlı antrenman, antrenman süresinden tasarruf sağlama, performans artışlarını maksimize etme ve spor branşına özgü beceri gelişimine daha fazla odaklanma imkânı sunarak, özellikle U17 gibi gelişim dönemlerinde büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, yüzücülere uygulanan 8 haftalık Kalistenik ve life kinetik egzersizlerinin kuvvet, bilişsel beceri ve yüzme performansı özellikleri üzerine etkisinin incelenmesidir. Yöntem: Çalışmaya yaş ortalaması 23,18±2,14 yıl olan 32 erkek sporcu katılmıştır. Sporcular, life kinetik egzersiz grubu, kalistenik egzersiz grubu, kalistenik-life kinetik egzersiz grubu ve kontrol grubu olarak rastgele 4 gruba ayrılmıştır. Araştırmada el kavrama, bacak ve sırt kuvvetleri, bilişsel beceri tespitleri ile yüzme süreleri alınmıştır. Araştırmada veri analizi için SPSS 28.0 programından yararlanılmıştır. İstatiksel anlamlılık düzeyi p˂0.05 olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bulgular: Çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlara göre, el kavrama, bacak ve sırt kuvvetinde tüm gruplarda zamanla anlamlı gelişim elde edilmiştir. Ancak grup etkisi ve zaman×grup etkileşiminde anlamlı farklılık bulunmamış, bu da kuvvet kazanımlarının tüm gruplarda benzer şekilde gerçekleştiğini göstermiştir. Bilişsel testlerde Corsi Blok Testi sonuçları, grupların zamanla farklı gelişim gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur; özellikle life kinetik egzersiz grubu ve kalistenik-life kinetik egzersiz grubunda artış olmuştur. Aim Trainer Testi sonuçları ise dikkat performansında tüm gruplarda anlamlı değişim olduğunu, ancak en belirgin farklılığın yine life kinetik egzersiz grubu ve kalistenik-life kinetik egzersiz grubu’nda gerçekleştiğini göstermiştir. Yüzme testinde ise tüm gruplarda zamanla yüzme hızlarında anlamlı artış görülmüştür. Grup etkisinde life kinetik egzersiz grubu ve kalistenik-life kinetik egzersiz grubu’nda diğerlerine göre daha iyi performans gösterirken gelişim oranları gruplar arasında farklılık göstermemiştir. Sonuç: Kalistenik ve life kinetik egzersizleri genç yüzücülerde bilişsel ve motor performansı olumlu etkilemiştir. Kuvvet kazanımı için kalistenik çalışmaların, özellikle yetişkin ve performans sporcularında, geleneksel kuvvet antrenmanlarıyla desteklenmesi önerilirken, life kinetik egzersizleri dikkat, reaksiyon ve yüzme performansına katkı sağlamaktadır.

Background: Career and life satisfaction are critical factors influencing football coaches' well-being, performance and future. However, the role of coaching efficacy as a mediator between these two factors remains underexplored, particularly in the context of football coaching in Türkiye.Aims: The present study examines the mediating role of coaching efficacy in the relationship between football coaches' careers and life satisfaction.Methods: The research group, which adopted a quantitative approach, consists of individuals with football coaching licences in Türkiye (n=429). The parametric tests were used in the analyses, and a modern approach was adopted for the mediation analysis. Furthermore, ANOVA was applied to the analysis of differences, and the Pearson correlation test was applied to the relationship between concepts. In addition, the difference between the groups was determined by the Tukey test.Result: The age factor did not affect coaching efficacy. However, experience and license categories were found to be important factors. The structural model constructed for the research was confirmed (Δχ²/sd=1.94; RMSEA=.05; CFI=.95; GFI=.90; IFI=.94).Conclusion: The study determined that coaching efficacy mediated the relationship between coaches' career and life satisfaction. Coaching efficacy plays an important role not only for the athletes but also for their own lives. Therefore, it is recommended that football coaches give importance to professional efficacy and improve themselves to achieve career and life satisfaction.