Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is frequently associated with cardiovascular comorbidities. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may coexist with COPD, forming the so‐called overlap syndrome (OS), and may further increase cardiovascular risk through intermittent hypoxia, systemic inflammation, and sympathetic activation. This systematic review is aimed at synthesizing and comparing the burden of cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with COPD and coexisting OSA versus those with COPD alone, thereby identifying the additional cardiovascular burden associated with OSA and gaps in current knowledge. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science from inception to 3 ^rd of January 2026, using predefined search terms related to COPD, OSA, and cardiovascular diseases. Only observational studies in adults were included. Results: Nineteen studies were included in the final analysis. Most studies had a cross‐sectional or retrospective cohort design. Cardiovascular disease was reported as a baseline characteristic in nearly all included studies; however, none evaluated the prevalence of cardiovascular disease as a primary outcome; these conditions were reported mainly as associated comorbidities. Overall, most included studies reported a higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases—particularly systemic arterial hypertension—in patients with overlap syndrome compared with COPD alone, frequently reaching statistical significance; however, this finding derived from unadjusted comparisons of baseline comorbidities, and no study adjusted for confounders such as age, body mass index, or smoking. Conclusions: Although many of the observed differences were statistically significant, they derived from unadjusted comparisons of baseline characteristics, which limits the ability to draw firm conclusions regarding causality. Future studies including larger populations of patients with COPD and OSA are required to accurately determine the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and better describe the relationship between COPD, OSA, and cardiovascular comorbidities.

Background: Immunotherapy and targeted therapy have gained ground over conven-tional chemotherapy in treating various cancers. While pulmonary toxicity associated with these agents is rare, it represents a significant factor in both mortality and morbidity and may influence the overall success of cancer treatment. This case series report adds to the emerging evidence of cancer therapy-induced pneumonitis features and cortico-therapy outcomes. Patients and methods: This case series report consists of a retrospective analysis of 12 cases of patients undergoing immunotherapy (4 Nivolumab, 4 Pembrolizumab) or targeted therapy (3 Obinutuzumab, 1 Abemaciclib) for cancer (7 lung, 3 non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 1 breast, 1 renal) that developed pneumonitis during their follow-up. Results: The onset of pneumonitis ranged from 6 to 48 months (median = 18.5), and in 4 cases it occurred after discontinuation of oncologic treatment. The diagnosis was estab-lished with a high probability based only on clinical picture, radiologic features, and concomitant oncologic therapy. The cases with onset after discontinuation of oncologic treatment required a more thorough investigation (including bronchoscopy with BAL analysis). The main symptom was dyspnea (10/12 cases), and 3 of 12 patients had res-piratory failure (SpO2≤88%). The CTCAE severity grades were: 1 mild, 7 moderate, 3 severe, and 1 life-threatening. The CT scan showed different patterns (7 OP, 4 NSIP, and 1 HP). 11 patients received oral methylprednisolone (0.40 to 0.82 mg/kg) for 5 to 16 weeks. 2 patients continued oncologic treatment, and 6 discontinued. All patients showed fa-vorable outcomes. Conclusions: Immunotherapy and targeted therapy-induced pneumonitis can express various features and severities, and prompt recognition and diagnosis based on clinical, radiologic and contextual elements is mandatory. Corticotherapy regimens used, based on severity and treatment response, had a favorable outcome. The follow-up can consist only of clinical assessment and chest X-ray, and extensive tests are reserved for non-responsive cases.

Background: Immunotherapy and targeted therapy have gained ground over conventional chemotherapy in treating various cancers. While pulmonary toxicity associated with these agents is rare, it represents a significant factor in both mortality and morbidity and may influence the overall success of cancer treatment. This case series report adds to the emerging evidence of cancer therapy-induced pneumonitis features and corticotherapy outcomes. Patients and methods: This single-center, retrospective case series analyzed 12 consecutive cases of patients undergoing immunotherapy (four receiving nivolumab, four receiving pembrolizumab) or targeted therapy (three receiving obinutuzumab, one receiving abemaciclib) for cancer (seven with lung cancer, three with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, one with breast cancer, one with renal cancer) who developed pneumonitis during their follow-up. Results: The interval from oncological treatment initiation to pneumonitis onset ranged from 6 to 48 months (median = 18.5), and in four patients it occurred after discontinuation of oncologic therapy. In most patients, the diagnosis was established with high probability based only on the clinical presentation, radiologic pattern, and concomitant oncologic therapy. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage analysis was performed in eight of the 12 patients, particularly when onset followed treatment discontinuation. The main symptom was dyspnea (10/12 cases), and three of 12 patients had respiratory failure (SpO₂ ≤ 88%). The CTCAE severity grades were: one mild, seven moderate, three severe, and one life-threatening. The CT scan showed different patterns (7 OP, 4 NSIP-like, and 1 HP). Eleven patients received oral methylprednisolone (0.40 to 0.82 mg/kg) for 5 to 16 weeks. Two patients continued oncologic treatment, and six discontinued. Pneumonitis improved or resolved in 11 of the 12 patients; one patient deteriorated after reintroduction of immunotherapy and subsequently died from cancer-related complications. Conclusions: Immunotherapy- and targeted therapy-induced pneumonitis can express various features and severities, and prompt recognition and diagnosis based on clinical, radiologic and contextual elements are mandatory. In this small, heterogeneous series the individualized corticosteroid regimens used were followed by favorable outcomes. Our observations suggest that, in selected clinically improving patients, follow-up may rely only on clinical assessment and chest X-ray, and extensive tests may be reserved for non-responsive cases.

English: Obliterative bronchiolitis is a rare and complex obstructive pulmonary disorder involving inflammatory and fibroproliferative changes of the small airways. We report three adult cases of idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans diagnosed at the “Marius Nasta” Institute of Pulmonology, Bucharest, between 2016 and 2025. The patients, aged 30–68 years, presented with exertional dyspnoea and fatigue, and all exhibited severe obstructive ventilatory impairment with significant oxygen desaturation during the 6-min walk test. Diagnosis was confirmed by high-resolution inspiratory–expiratory computed tomography in two cases and by lung biopsy in one case. Treatment consisted of systemic and inhaled corticosteroids, with one patient also receiving longterm intermittent azithromycin therapy. Outcomes varied: two patients achieved relative clinical stability, while one experienced progressive respiratory decline leading to death. These cases illustrate the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans and highlight its unpredictable course. Early recognition and individualised management are essential, but further research is needed to establish effective treatment strategies and improve prognosis.