Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is a globally important fruit crop, but progress in molecular breeding has been hampered by limited functional dissection of genes associated with agronomic traits. Therefore, we developed a comprehensive genome resource based on the C. melo ssp. agrestis accession 13C. This resource includes a complete telomere-to-telomere genome assembly, including accurate quantification of 45S rDNA copy number in melon, a transcriptome atlas from 31 tissue samples, a phenotypically diverse EMS-induced mutant library and a stable transformation system. By sequencing 1,125 M2 families, we identified about 660,000 variants, which cover 97.33% of the annotated gene space. Leveraging these integrated resources, we identified and functionally characterized several key genes, including CLAVATA3 INSENSITIVE RECEPTOR KINASES 2 (CmCIK2), which regulates carpel number; PARA-AMINOBENZOIC ACID SYNTHASE (CmACDS), a central regulator of folate biosynthesis; and a mutant allele of the known gynoecious gene WIP DOMAIN PROTEIN 1 (CmWIP1). In addition, we discovered a specific EMS-induced variant in the fruit ripening regulator CmNAC-NOR, and further validated its function by generating targeted mutants. The CmNAC-NOR mutants exhibited delayed fruit ripening, thus providing a valuable resource for improving ripening traits in agrestis accessions. To facilitate broader utilization, we developed the Melon Information Resource, available at https://zhanglab.qau.edu.cn/melon/index.php, an integrated platform housing 13C comprehensive genome resources and associated convenient analysis tools. This unified and accession-specific resource offers unprecedented opportunities to accelerate gene discovery and trait improvement in melon through functional genomics and molecular breeding.

Soil salinization is a significant global challenge that severely impacts agricultural productivity, particularly through its negative effects on crop growth and yield. Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are an important oil crop. One of the major goals in peanut breeding programs is to develop varieties with both high oil content and salt tolerance. Previously, we obtained a peanut line (HO) with high oil content through mutagenesis, which showed higher salt tolerance than its parental line (HY20). In this study, we employed multiple approaches including anatomical, physiological, and transcriptomic analyses to elucidate salt tolerance mechanisms of the HO peanut line. Under salt stress, the HO line exhibited better-developed vascular structures, with increased root vessel diameter and higher crystal idioblast density in leaves compared to HY20. HO also showed enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, with POD and SOD activities higher than HY20. Photosynthetic efficiency was substantially improved in HO, with Fv/Fm decreasing under severe salt stress. Additionally, HO maintained a lower Na⁺/K⁺ ratio and higher linolenic acid content under salt stress. Transcriptomic analysis revealed up-regulated lignin biosynthesis genes in HO. This study established potential connections between salt stress tolerance and oil biosynthesis in peanuts, providing insights that could be leveraged for the development of high-yield and salt-resistant varieties.