The employment of single-atom catalysts in the catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) of furfural (FF) to furfuryl alcohol (FAL) has never been effectively explored. Herein, a catalyst of Ni single-atoms supported on nitrogen doped carbon (Ni-SAs/NC) is synthesized and first ever utilized in the CTH of FF to FAL. Atomically dispersed Ni–N₄ sites change the electron density at the metal center and exhibit specific adsorption and desorption to FF and FAL, promoting an outstanding catalytic performance with a turnover frequency (TOF) of 832 h⁻¹ and selectivity as high as 97.1% at 130 °C for 2 h. Such performance is 9-fold higher than that of supported Ni nanocatalysts. The Ni-SAs/NC catalyst also exhibits superior stability for the CTH of FF and excellent catalytic activity for other α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. This work provides a new strategy of producing green chemical compounds using catalytic biomass conversion and suggests the future application of long-lasting single-atom catalysts for emerging sustainable technologies.

Cu, Co and Zn modified N-doped porous carbons (CuCo/Zn@NPC) are prepared using a polymetallic homogeneous doping and self-templating method as high performance non-noble metal catalysts for the hydrogenation of furfural (FF) to furfuryl alcohol (FAL). The CuCo/Zn@NPC-600 catalyst after treatment at 600 °C shows a superior catalytic activity with nearly 100% conversion of FF and an almost 100% selectivity of FAL using H₂ at 140 °C. Meanwhile in the catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) using 2-propanol as a H-donor, the conversion of FF reaches 95.8% and the selectivity of FAL is 99.1%. The results show that the Zn dopant leads to 37.3 times higher yield on the CuCo/Zn@NPC-600 catalyst than that on CuCo@NPC-600, and 2.3 times higher than that on Co/Zn@NPC-600 with Cu dopants. The efficient activity of the CuCo/Zn@NPC-600 catalyst is mainly due to the highly dispersed metal nanoparticles, the advanced porous structure resulting from Zn escape from the precursor template, and the synergistic effect between Cu and Co. Furthermore, the CuCo/Zn@NPC-600 catalyst exhibits good recyclability in FF hydrogenation in four cycle tests. The advanced synthesis method using a homogeneous doping and self-templating strategy sheds light on preparing effective catalysts for hydrogenation of biomass-based compounds.

Based on the features of cellulose-based carbon materials, integrating metal–organic framework (MOF) and polymers in cellulose is in favor of the electrochemical performance for supercapacitor and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this work, a three dimensional (3D) porous carbon material inserted by carbon nanotubes (CNT) and Co particles was designed by an electrospinning and calcination technology. During the calcination process, MOF-74 as both nanocatalysts and carbon sources was converted to CNT and Co particles, meanwhile, CA-PVDF fibrous membranes were pyrolyzed into the porous carbon, leading to the novel multilevel structures and specific C/Co component. The type (PAN, PVDF, PVP) and mass ratio (0:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:0) of polymers were optimized to improve the electrochemical performance. As a result, due to the rich defects from CNT, the high specific areas caused by PVDF, as well as the specific activity of Co particles, the high specific capacitance of 169.50 F g⁻¹ was obtained at 0.5 A g⁻¹ for CAF(2:1)CT within -1.0–0 V. CAF(2:1)C showed acceptable HER catalytic activity. Additionally, an asymmetric solid-state supercapacitor (CAF(2:1)C//CAF(2:1)CT) was built and delivered a high energy density of 25.69 Wh kg⁻¹, a superb cycling life during 10000 cycles, as well as a necessary practicality in circuit. This work proposed a novel hybrid biomass based carbon material, which can provide a reference for the design of electrode materials and catalysts in other fields.

Oxidative catalytic fractionation (OCF) under the lignin-first strategy has emerged as a critical technological approach for biomass refining. To address the inevitable carbohydrate degradation and lignin condensation in conventional OCF, this study designed a cobalt-doped layered double hydroxide oxide (Co-LDO) catalyst compatible with non-alkaline (without Brønsted bases) organic systems, which exhibits excellent performance in poplar biomass OCF. With a straightforward preparation process, the Co-LDO catalyst yields high-content oxidized lignin oligomers while efficiently retaining carbohydrates, providing feedstock rich in carbohydrates (cellulose and hemicellulose) for the subsequent production of bioenergy and biomass-based chemicals. Under optimized conditions screened via systematic reaction condition investigation and metal-doped LDO catalyst evaluation, the process achieved a 94.01 wt% delignification rate, with 72.19 wt% of lignin converted into lignin oligomer oil, supported by detailed product composition and structural characterization. Meanwhile, 74.14 wt% hemicellulose and 98.23 wt% cellulose were recovered in solid residues, with structurally intact hemicellulose retention being 2.3 times higher than in traditional OCF. Mass balance calculation confirmed a total poplar refining yield of 81.58 wt%. In summary, this Co-LDO-catalyzed OCF strategy provides a high-activity non-precious metal system, effectively suppressing lignin condensation while preserving high-yield carbohydrates, realizing the efficient full-component refining of poplar biomass.