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Mengxiang Gao
College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China

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Research article
Published: 08 March 2021 in Food Science and Biotechnology
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The yellow Monascus pigments (YMPs) named monascin and ankaflavin and the orange Monascus pigments (OMPs) named rubropunctatin and monascorubrin are two groups of bioactive components in a mixture state in the Monascus fermented products. In order to separate these two groups of bioactive pigments, a facile macroporous resin-based method was developed. The weak-polar resin CAD-40 was selected from the seven tested macroporous resins as it revealed better properties for the adsorption and desorption of the YMPs and OMPs. Then, CAD-40 resin was used for column-chromatographic separation. After eluted by 4 bed volumes of ethanol, the yellow group (monascin and ankaflavin) and the orange group (rubropunctatin and monascorubrin) were successfully separated and purified, with an increased content from 49.3% and 44.2% in the crude pigment extract to 85.2% and 83.0% in the final products, respectively. This method would be helpful for the large-scale separation and purification of Monascus pigment products with specific bioactivity.

ACS Style

Suo Chen; Dong-Xiao Su; Meng-Xiang Gao; Jia-Lan Zhang; Ying-Bao Liu; Qing-Hua Wu; Hua-Lin Yang; Li Li. A facile macroporous resin-based method for separation of yellow and orange Monascus pigments. Food Science and Biotechnology 2021, 30, 545 -553.

AMA Style

Suo Chen, Dong-Xiao Su, Meng-Xiang Gao, Jia-Lan Zhang, Ying-Bao Liu, Qing-Hua Wu, Hua-Lin Yang, Li Li. A facile macroporous resin-based method for separation of yellow and orange Monascus pigments. Food Science and Biotechnology. 2021; 30 (4):545-553.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suo Chen; Dong-Xiao Su; Meng-Xiang Gao; Jia-Lan Zhang; Ying-Bao Liu; Qing-Hua Wu; Hua-Lin Yang; Li Li. 2021. "A facile macroporous resin-based method for separation of yellow and orange Monascus pigments." Food Science and Biotechnology 30, no. 4: 545-553.

Journal article
Published: 26 February 2021 in Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology
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Light or low frequency magnetic field (LF-MF) as one of the cultivation environments affects secondary metabolites (SMs) production of M. purpureus. Phytochrome (Phy) is a hybrid histidine kinase possessing dual properties of photoreceptor and kinase to sense red and far-red light. The interaction effects of LF-MF and light on SMs of M. purpureus was investigated by knocking out the Phy-like gene in M. purpureus (MpPhy) by homologous recombination. A MpPhy-deletion (ΔMpPhy) strain produced less Monascus pigments (MPs) and monacolin K (mon K) than the wild-type (WT) strain and reduced citrinin production by 78.3% on 10th day but didn't affect the biomass. These results indicated that the MpPhy gene is involved in SMs biosynthesis of M. purpureus. MPs production in WT was decreased significantly when the inoculum was exposed to white/blue/green/red light (500 Lux). But it in ΔMpPhy was no significant difference when exposed to white/red light. The colony size of ΔMpPhy was smaller on potato dextrose agar media containing 0.01% SDS. These results indicated that the deletion of MpPhy gene affected the aerial hyphae and increased sensitivity to cell membrane stress but decreased sensitivity to red light. The inoculum of both WT and ΔMpPhy was exposure to the LF-MF (50 Hz). The accumulation of WT secondary metabolites was not changed, while SMs production of ΔMpPhy was significantly enhanced under exposed to 2.0 mT LF-MF. This indicated that the decrease of SMs caused by the deletion of MpPhy gene was restored by LF-MF. It revealed that there is a crosstalk between magnetoreception and photosensitivity.

ACS Style

Xiaoqian Xiong; Yingbao Liu; Jialan Zhang; Shaojin Wang; Li Li; Mengxiang Gao. Mutational analysis of MpPhy reveals magnetoreception and photosensitivity involvement in secondary metabolites biosynthesis in Monascus purpureus. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2021, 217, 112164 .

AMA Style

Xiaoqian Xiong, Yingbao Liu, Jialan Zhang, Shaojin Wang, Li Li, Mengxiang Gao. Mutational analysis of MpPhy reveals magnetoreception and photosensitivity involvement in secondary metabolites biosynthesis in Monascus purpureus. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2021; 217 ():112164.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaoqian Xiong; Yingbao Liu; Jialan Zhang; Shaojin Wang; Li Li; Mengxiang Gao. 2021. "Mutational analysis of MpPhy reveals magnetoreception and photosensitivity involvement in secondary metabolites biosynthesis in Monascus purpureus." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 217, no. : 112164.

Journal article
Published: 23 March 2020 in Journal of Food Protection
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Absent, small, or homeotic discs 2 (Ash2), a histone H3K4 methyltransferase complex, has been implicated in the control of hyphal development and secondary metabolism in many kinds of filamentous fungi. We constructed an Ash2 deletion mutant (ΔAsh2) by using an Agrobacterium-mediated gene knockout method to investigate the function of the Ash2 gene in the mold Monascus purpureus. Lack of the Ash2 gene resulted in the formation of a lower colony phenotype with fluffy aerial hyphae that autolyzed as the colony grew on potato dextrose agar at 30°C. The production of pigments and the number of conidia were significantly lower in the ΔAsh2 than in the wild type. Citrinin production by the ΔAsh2 was not detected during 15 days of fermentation. Relative expression levels of secondary metabolite regulatory genes PigR and CTNR, secondary metabolite synthesizing genes PKSPT and CTN, key genes of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway Spk1 and its downstream gene mam2, the conidium development control gene BrlA, and global regulatory genes LaeA and VeA were detected by the quantitative real-time PCR. These results indicate that the Ash2 gene is involved in conidial germination, pigment production, and citrinin production and plays a key role in development and secondary metabolism in M. purpureus. HIGHLIGHTS

ACS Style

Yufeng Chen; Yingbao Liu; Jialan Zhang; L I Li; Shaojin Wang; Mengxiang Gao. Lack of the Histone Methyltransferase Gene Ash2 Results in the Loss of Citrinin Production in Monascus purpureus. Journal of Food Protection 2020, 83, 702 -709.

AMA Style

Yufeng Chen, Yingbao Liu, Jialan Zhang, L I Li, Shaojin Wang, Mengxiang Gao. Lack of the Histone Methyltransferase Gene Ash2 Results in the Loss of Citrinin Production in Monascus purpureus. Journal of Food Protection. 2020; 83 (4):702-709.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yufeng Chen; Yingbao Liu; Jialan Zhang; L I Li; Shaojin Wang; Mengxiang Gao. 2020. "Lack of the Histone Methyltransferase Gene Ash2 Results in the Loss of Citrinin Production in Monascus purpureus." Journal of Food Protection 83, no. 4: 702-709.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2019 in Process Biochemistry
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ACS Style

Qian Liao; Yingbao Liu; Jialan Zhang; Li Li; Mengxiang Gao. A low-frequency magnetic Field regulates Monascus pigments synthesis via reactive oxygen species in M. purpureus. Process Biochemistry 2019, 86, 16 -24.

AMA Style

Qian Liao, Yingbao Liu, Jialan Zhang, Li Li, Mengxiang Gao. A low-frequency magnetic Field regulates Monascus pigments synthesis via reactive oxygen species in M. purpureus. Process Biochemistry. 2019; 86 ():16-24.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qian Liao; Yingbao Liu; Jialan Zhang; Li Li; Mengxiang Gao. 2019. "A low-frequency magnetic Field regulates Monascus pigments synthesis via reactive oxygen species in M. purpureus." Process Biochemistry 86, no. : 16-24.

Correction
Published: 27 March 2019 in Toxins
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The authors wish to make the following correction to their paper [...].

ACS Style

Zhixin Zhen; Xiaoqian Xiong; Yingbao Liu; Jialan Zhang; Shaojin Wang; Li Li; Mengxiang Gao. Correction: Zhen, Z. et al. NaCl Inhibits Citrinin and Stimulates Monascus Pigments and Monacolin K Production. Toxins 2019, 11, 118. Toxins 2019, 11, 183 .

AMA Style

Zhixin Zhen, Xiaoqian Xiong, Yingbao Liu, Jialan Zhang, Shaojin Wang, Li Li, Mengxiang Gao. Correction: Zhen, Z. et al. NaCl Inhibits Citrinin and Stimulates Monascus Pigments and Monacolin K Production. Toxins 2019, 11, 118. Toxins. 2019; 11 (4):183.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhixin Zhen; Xiaoqian Xiong; Yingbao Liu; Jialan Zhang; Shaojin Wang; Li Li; Mengxiang Gao. 2019. "Correction: Zhen, Z. et al. NaCl Inhibits Citrinin and Stimulates Monascus Pigments and Monacolin K Production. Toxins 2019, 11, 118." Toxins 11, no. 4: 183.

Journal article
Published: 15 February 2019 in Toxins
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Applications of beneficial secondary metabolites produced by Monascus purpureus (M. purpureus) could be greatly limited for citrinin, a kidney toxin. The link of NaCl with cell growth and secondary metabolites in M. purpureus was analyzed with supplementations of different concentrations of NaCl in medium. The content of citrinin was reduced by 48.0% but the yellow, orange, red pigments and monacolin K productions were enhanced by 1.7, 1.4, 1.4 and 1.4 times, respectively, compared with those in the control using NaCl at 0.02 M at the 10th day of cultivation. NaCl didn’t affect the cell growth of M. purpureus. It was verified through the transcriptional down-regulation of citrinin synthesis genes (pksCT and ctnA) and up-regulation of the Monascus pigments (MPs) synthesis genes (pksPT and pigR). Moreover, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were promoted by NaCl at the 2nd day of cultivation, and then inhibited remarkably with the extension of fermentation time. Meanwhile, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and the contents of total glutathione (T-GSH) were significantly enhanced in the middle and late stages of cultivation. The inhibition effect on colony size and the growth of aerial mycelia was more obvious with an increased NaCl concentration. Acid and alkaline phosphatase (ACP and AKP) activities dramatically increased in NaCl treatments. NaCl could participate in secondary metabolites synthesis and cell growth in M. purpureus.

ACS Style

Zhixin Zhen; Xiaoqian Xiong; Yingbao Liu; Jialan Zhang; Shaojin Wang; Li Li; Mengxiang Gao. NaCl Inhibits Citrinin and Stimulates Monascus Pigments and Monacolin K Production. Toxins 2019, 11, 118 .

AMA Style

Zhixin Zhen, Xiaoqian Xiong, Yingbao Liu, Jialan Zhang, Shaojin Wang, Li Li, Mengxiang Gao. NaCl Inhibits Citrinin and Stimulates Monascus Pigments and Monacolin K Production. Toxins. 2019; 11 (2):118.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhixin Zhen; Xiaoqian Xiong; Yingbao Liu; Jialan Zhang; Shaojin Wang; Li Li; Mengxiang Gao. 2019. "NaCl Inhibits Citrinin and Stimulates Monascus Pigments and Monacolin K Production." Toxins 11, no. 2: 118.

Journal article
Published: 29 October 2018 in Toxins
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Background: Low-frequency magnetic fields (LF-MFs) dampen the citrinin output by Monascus purpureus in fermentations. The influence of LF-MFs on biosynthesis by M. purpureus was evaluated at the protein level. Methods: Cultures were treated with a 1.6-mT MF from day 0 to day 2 of incubation, and secondary metabolite production was evaluated on the day 12 of incubation. All proteins were extracted from M. purpureus mycelia and subjected to isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling and subsequent liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis on day 6 of fermentation. Results: There was no difference in biomass between the treated samples and the control. Citrinin production was 46.7% lower, and the yields of monacolin K and yellow, orange, and red pigment were 29.3%, 31.3%, 41.7%, and 40.3% higher, respectively, in the exposed samples compared to the control. Protein expression in M. purpureus under LF-MF treatment was quantified using iTRAQ technology. Of 2031 detected proteins, 205 were differentially expressed. The differentially-expressed proteins were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation and statistical analysis, which revealed that they mainly refer to biological metabolism, translation, antioxidant, transport and defense pathways. Among all the tagged proteins, emphasis was placed on the analysis of those involved in the synthesis of citrinin, pigment and monacolin K was emphasized. Conclusions: LF-MFs affected Monascus secondary metabolism at the protein level, and aggregate data for all the protein profiles in LF-MF-treated Monascus was obtained.

ACS Style

Jialan Zhang; Yingbao Liu; Li Li; Mengxiang Gao. iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Changes in Metabolite Biosynthesis in Monascus purpureus in Response to a Low-Frequency Magnetic Field. Toxins 2018, 10, 440 .

AMA Style

Jialan Zhang, Yingbao Liu, Li Li, Mengxiang Gao. iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Changes in Metabolite Biosynthesis in Monascus purpureus in Response to a Low-Frequency Magnetic Field. Toxins. 2018; 10 (11):440.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jialan Zhang; Yingbao Liu; Li Li; Mengxiang Gao. 2018. "iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Changes in Metabolite Biosynthesis in Monascus purpureus in Response to a Low-Frequency Magnetic Field." Toxins 10, no. 11: 440.

Journal article
Published: 05 December 2016 in Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology
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ACS Style

Jialan Zhang; Hongxia Han; Juan Xia; Mengxiang Gao. Degradation Kinetics of Vitamin C in Orange and Orange Juice during Storage. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology 2016, 12, 555 -561.

AMA Style

Jialan Zhang, Hongxia Han, Juan Xia, Mengxiang Gao. Degradation Kinetics of Vitamin C in Orange and Orange Juice during Storage. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2016; 12 (10):555-561.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jialan Zhang; Hongxia Han; Juan Xia; Mengxiang Gao. 2016. "Degradation Kinetics of Vitamin C in Orange and Orange Juice during Storage." Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology 12, no. 10: 555-561.

Journal article
Published: 06 June 2016 in Bioelectromagnetics
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The effect of the extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) on biomass and mannatide production by α-hemolytic Streptococcus in liquid-state fermentation culture medium was studied during shake flask culture. Magnetic field (MF) inductions, exposure times, and exposure periods varied in a range of 0–1.5 mT, 0–16 h, and six periods of incubation time, respectively. Results showed both biomass and mannatide production increased significantly at MF induction 0.4, 0.6, and 0.9 mT and decreased at both 1.2 and 1.5 mT. Biomass increased by exposure for initial and middle stages of fermentation. Mannatide production increased significantly at 4–8, 8–12, and 17–21 h. Peak yield of biomass and mannatide production increased by 10.7% and 14.0% at 25 and 27 h of incubation at 0.6 mT MF induction and exposure to 8–12 h of incubation time, compared with the control experiment, respectively. ELF-MF could also enhance the growth rate and mannatide production rate of α-hemolytic Streptococcus. However, ELF-MF did not alter α-hemolytic Streptococcus cell growth and mannatide metabolizing regulation or fermentation pattern. Mannatide production was not associated with cellular growth but rather only partially associated. Bioelectromagnetics. 2016;9999:1–7.

ACS Style

Jialan Zhang; Cui Xu; Yunlei Wan; Mengxiang Gao. Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field on production of mannatide byα-hemolytic Streptococcus. Bioelectromagnetics 2016, 37, 331 -337.

AMA Style

Jialan Zhang, Cui Xu, Yunlei Wan, Mengxiang Gao. Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field on production of mannatide byα-hemolytic Streptococcus. Bioelectromagnetics. 2016; 37 (5):331-337.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jialan Zhang; Cui Xu; Yunlei Wan; Mengxiang Gao. 2016. "Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field on production of mannatide byα-hemolytic Streptococcus." Bioelectromagnetics 37, no. 5: 331-337.

Journal article
Published: 17 October 2014 in European Food Research and Technology
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Monascus purpureus is a key fungus used to produce food pigments from secondary metabolites. Low-frequency magnetic field (LF-MF) affects production of M. purpureus secondary metabolites as one of the cultivation environments. The objective of this study was to measure optimum strength of induced magnetic field and duration of exposure for yellow and red pigment production of M. purpureus in solid-state fermentation. There was a 65.4 and 59.2 % increase in peak yield of yellow and red pigments compared to the control when the treatments were exposed to a magnetic field induction at 0.4 mT on the 8–9th day of incubation time. From kinetics of yellow and red pigment production, yield of yellow and red pigments was significantly increased in the samples exposed to magnetic field from the 8th to 11th day compared with that of the control group. LF-MF could increase the production rates of yellow pigments from 221.25 to 381.75 and red pigments from 165.00 to 292.50 U/g day. It could also significantly prolong the quickly generate time of yellow pigment. The appropriate magnetic field treatment could increase the efficiency of yellow and red pigment production.

ACS Style

Jialan Zhang; Dongjie Zeng; Cui Xu; Mengxiang Gao. Effect of low-frequency magnetic field on formation of pigments of Monascus purpureus. European Food Research and Technology 2014, 240, 577 -582.

AMA Style

Jialan Zhang, Dongjie Zeng, Cui Xu, Mengxiang Gao. Effect of low-frequency magnetic field on formation of pigments of Monascus purpureus. European Food Research and Technology. 2014; 240 (3):577-582.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jialan Zhang; Dongjie Zeng; Cui Xu; Mengxiang Gao. 2014. "Effect of low-frequency magnetic field on formation of pigments of Monascus purpureus." European Food Research and Technology 240, no. 3: 577-582.

Journal article
Published: 14 November 2011 in Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
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Cellulase is an enzyme of the glycosyl hydrolase family that catalyses the cleavage of β-1,4 glycosidic bonds in cellulose. In this study an alternating magnetic field was applied to evaluate cellulase activity using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as substrate. The maximum and minimum activities of cellulase occurred when magnetic fields of 2.2 and 4.2 mT respectively were applied for 20 min. Following these treatments, the enzymatic parameters K(m) and V(m) were determined based on fitting to the Michaelis-Menten equations. Generally, K(m) showed the opposite trend to V(m) under magnetic field treatments. Treatment of enzyme/substrate solutions at 4.2 mT inhibited enzyme activity whereas treatment at 2.2 mT promoted it. It appears that treating enzyme/substrate solutions with different magnetic fields can inhibit or promote enzyme activity. Further research is needed to determine how the magnetic field influences the enzyme and substrate.

ACS Style

Jialan Zhang; Shaojin Wang; Baoguo Xu; Mengxiang Gao. Effect of alternating magnetic field treatments on enzymatic parameters of cellulase. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2011, 92, 1384 -1388.

AMA Style

Jialan Zhang, Shaojin Wang, Baoguo Xu, Mengxiang Gao. Effect of alternating magnetic field treatments on enzymatic parameters of cellulase. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2011; 92 (7):1384-1388.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jialan Zhang; Shaojin Wang; Baoguo Xu; Mengxiang Gao. 2011. "Effect of alternating magnetic field treatments on enzymatic parameters of cellulase." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 92, no. 7: 1384-1388.

Journal article
Published: 17 November 2010 in Bioelectromagnetics
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The effect of the extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field on citric acid and cellulase production by Aspergillus niger using liquid Charles culture medium was studied during shake flask culture. The cellular suspension was exposed to a magnetic field (t = 4 h, B = 1 mT, and f = 50 Hz). The dependence of yield of citric acid and activity of cellulase on time of exposure and on the value of the magnetic field induction B was measured. Both yield of citric acid and activity of cellulase increased with increasing exposure time and/or induction B, but the quantity of the effect was dependent on the chemical structure of metabolites. The metabolism of citric acid was more sensitive to the magnetic field than that of cellulase. From the measurement of the metabolism dynamics we concluded that the increase in the citric acid and activity of cellulase started immediately after the magnetic field was switched on.

ACS Style

Mengxiang Gao; Jialan Zhang; Hao Feng. Extremely low frequency magnetic field effects on metabolite of Aspergillus niger. Bioelectromagnetics 2010, 32, 73 -78.

AMA Style

Mengxiang Gao, Jialan Zhang, Hao Feng. Extremely low frequency magnetic field effects on metabolite of Aspergillus niger. Bioelectromagnetics. 2010; 32 (1):73-78.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mengxiang Gao; Jialan Zhang; Hao Feng. 2010. "Extremely low frequency magnetic field effects on metabolite of Aspergillus niger." Bioelectromagnetics 32, no. 1: 73-78.