Dizziness and vertigo are growing health problems and have become responsible for increases in health expenditures. In this context, a case-control study has been conducted by nutritional assessment, including dietary and physical activity habits, lifestyle, and socio-demographic characteristics in adults with (patient group) and without (control group) dizziness or vertigo, and the outcomes were compared between these groups. The patient (n = 150) and control (n = 150) groups included 300 participants. The 24-h Dietary Recall and the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ-21) were conducted in order to gain detailed information about foods and beverages consumed by the participants. Additionally, a questionnaire was completed, assessing general socio-demographic (age, gender, etc.) and lifestyle (smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity) characteristics, anthropometric measurements, and dietary and physical activity habits. The results revealed that there is an association between dizziness/vertigo and female gender and increasing age. Smoking status and alcohol consumption did not differ between the groups, whereas differences in body mass index and obesity were significantly higher in the patient group (65%; n = 98) than the control group (46%; n = 69) (p = 0.001). Skipping meals “everyday” was significantly high (p = 0.044), and lunch was the most skipped meal in the patient group. The three most preferred cooking methods were oven baking, boiling, and frying for both groups. Daily water intake in the patient group was lower than in the control group (p = 0.026). Dietary intake for carotene and vitamin K were significantly lower in the patient group than the control group, but the opposite was true for vitamin D intake (p < 0.05). Daily consumption of bread and dairy products were highest in the patient group (p < 0.05). The physical activity rate was 35% (n = 53) in the control group and 28% (n = 42) in the patient group. Regular walking was the most preferred activity in both groups (p = 0.037). Active monitoring of individual diet and hydration along with supporting professional counseling are advisable. In addition, a healthy lifestyle including weight control and regular physical activity can be helpful to reduce symptoms of dizziness/vertigo.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) results from a deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxylase, catalyzing the conversion of phenylalanine (Phe) to tyrosine. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) consists of physical, behavioral, and emotional symptoms occurring during the last week of luteal phase. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of PMS, and document menstrual cycle characteristics of PKU patients to reveal the relationship with blood Phe levels. The study was conducted on 74 patients with a mean age of 21.7 ± 5.4 years. The mean age at menarche was 12.7 ± 1.3 years and 82.4 % had regular menstrual cycles. The periods of most patients (47.2 %) lasted 4–5 days. Menstrual cycles of 21–28 days were reported by 73 %, less than 21 days by 8 %, and more than 28 days by 19 % of women. Menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea was observed in 6.7 % and 71.6 % respectively. Adherence to diet was lost in 7 patients during the menstrual period. No significant relationship was found between Phe levels and PMS symptoms (p > 0.05). According to PMSS subscales, 52.7 % of patients with PKU had depressive feelings, 16.2 % anxiety, 55.4 % fatigue, 52.7 % irritability, 28.3 % depressive thoughts, 39.1 % pain, 59.4 % changes in appetite, 28.3 % changes in sleeping habits and 43.2 % had swelling. The findings of the study revealed that PMS prevalence was 39.1 % among PKU women. Awareness about this syndrome, will improve the quality of life in women with PKU by evaluating and taking measures for PMS. Evaluating menstrual cycle characteristics and premenstrual syndrome in phenylketonuria patients provides valuable insights for enhancing their overall health profile and personalizing treatment and management plans.

Objectives: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency, leading to elevated phenylalanine (Phe) levels in blood and brain. Lifelong dietary treatment is required to prevent neurotoxicity, yet adherence often declines during adulthood. This study aimed to evaluate follow-up and treatment adherence in adults with PKU and to explore strategies to improve long-term metabolic control. Methods: This cross-sectional study included adult PKU patients followed at the Division of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, Istanbul Medical Faculty. Data were collected between April and July 2021 using retrospective medical records and online questionnaires. Follow-up and treatment success rates were assessed according to blood Phe monitoring frequency and results within the target range. Participants completed the Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale and the Phenylketonuria Quality of Life Questionnaire. Results: Data were collected from 134 of the 198 registered patients. The average age was 23.25 ± 2.92 years, and 50 % were female. Classical PKU was present in 68.7 %. Patients with classical PKU demonstrated higher follow-up success than those with mild PKU. Individuals who self-managed their diet showed significantly higher follow-up and treatment success. No significant associations were observed between success rates and age at diagnosis, residence, working status, family education, or ADHD scores. A significant negative correlation was found between success rates and quality-of-life subdomains related to dietary management and daily life burden. Conclusions: Treatment success in adults with PKU may be improved by promoting dietary self-management, increasing awareness of treatment options, facilitating dietary implementation, and reducing disease-related burden. This study demonstrates that in adults with phenylketonuria, follow-up and treatment success are primarily influenced by disease severity and patients’ ability to self-manage their diet, highlighting the need for strategies that reduce daily disease burden and support long-term dietary adherence.