The single chemical composition of mare milk, rich in whey proteins is similar to human milk. Lactoferrin is one of the important compounds contained in whey protein fraction, and has multiple biological functions such as antimicrobial and activation of human and animal immune system. Due to its strong antimicrobial activity, lactoferrin has potential pharmaceutical applications. The present work is mainly focused on the isolation and purification of the lactoferrin from mare’s milk. First, the lactoferrin from Kazakhstan mare milk has been purified by gel filtration Sephadex G-100 chromatography in two steps. The column of Sephadex G-100 was eluted with 0.01 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). Lactoferrin enriched fractions were detected using UV absorbance at 280 nm and were identified in the first peak. Second, the purity of lactoferrin was checked by 12% SDS–PAGE and the molecular weight of lactoferrin (in the range of 80-82 kDa) was estimated using protein standard, which is recombinant human lactoferrin (expressed in rice, iron saturated, molecular weight 82.4 kDa).

As we know Immunoglobulin or antibodies are kind of protein which is produced by the immune system and fight against microbes or germs. Immunoglobulins are: IgM, IgG and IgA which supply long-term and short-term defense against contamination or infection. Several studies had found that the milk immunoglobulins are able to improve immune defense system response against germs and make available passive immunity, specially, in infants and young animals. The existence of immunologic agents in milk, like lactoferrin and lysozyme, can assist more to its protective effects. And also by incorporation of immunoglobulins and other immune improving materials to the formula milk, we can supply or make ready for the infants the same immunologic benefits like those which got from breastfeeding. We can say that this approach is beneficial for all infants specially it is beneficial for babies that are not able to feed from breast or have compromised Immune Systems.

The rapid global spread of antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic microorganisms poses a serious challenge to both human and animal health, underscoring the urgent need for new strategies to combat resistance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), key components of the innate immune system, are promising candidates because they disrupt the membranes of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, thereby reducing the risk of resistance development. Lactoferrin (LF), a multifunctional iron-binding glycoprotein abundant in mammalian milk, is a rich source of AMPs. Cationic peptide fragments such as lactoferricin and lactoferrampin exhibit more potent direct antimicrobial activity than the intact protein. Our previous studies have shown that peptides derived from Equine milk lactoferrin exhibit antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oncogenic activity in silico, highlighting their multifunctional bioactive potential. Building on these results, the present study aims to investigate the antimicrobial properties of these peptides. We used an integrated approach combining computer modeling and in vitro studies to identify and validate novel antimicrobial peptides from equine milk lactoferrin. Bioinformatics tools, including AMPScanner and CAMP, were used to predict antimicrobial domains, followed by experimental testing against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results showed that equine milk lactoferrin peptides possess potent and selective antimicrobial activity, with efficacy varying across bacterial species. These data expand the functional profile of lactoferrin-derived peptides, demonstrating their multifunctionality, and suggest that equine milk lactoferrin represents a promising natural source of antimicrobial agents, supporting alternative strategies to reduce antibiotic use in human and veterinary medicine.

The single chemical composition of mare milk, rich in whey proteins is similar to human milk. Lactoferrin is one of the important compounds contained in whey protein fraction, and has multiple biological functions such as antimicrobial and activation of human and animal immune system. Due to its strong antimicrobial activity, lactoferrin has potential pharmaceutical applications. The present work is mainly focused on the isolation and purification of the lactoferrin from mare’s milk. First, the lactoferrin from Kazakhstan mare milk has been purified by gel filtration Sephadex G-100 chromatography in two steps. The column of Sephadex G-100 was eluted with 0.01 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). Lactoferrin enriched fractions were detected using UV absorbance at 280 nm and were identified in the first peak. Second, the purity of lactoferrin was checked by 12% SDS–PAGE and the molecular weight of lactoferrin (in the range of 80-82 kDa) was estimated using protein standard, which is recombinant human lactoferrin (expressed in rice, iron saturated, molecular weight 82.4 kDa).

Obesity is a widespread chronic inflammatory disease that can lead to increased health risks and subsequent development of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. According to the World Obesity Federation (WOF), the prevalence of obese individuals in the world will increase to 1 billion adults by 2030. The WOF includes Kazakhstan as a high-risk country for obesity. In 2030 obesity in Kazakhstan is predicted to reach 25.7% in men, 29% in women, and 9.5% in children aged 5-19. The National Center for Public Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan has reported a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity, particularly among children. According to the results of epidemiological monitoring, the rate of obesity among boys was notably higher than that among girls. Specifically, 23.6% of boys were classified as overweight, including obesity, compared to 17.6% of girls. Additionally, 8.7% of boys were classified as obese, compared to 4.6% of girls [1,2]. Recent studies highlight the role of immune cell function in obesity-related inflammation providing a potential new target for treating obesity-linked inflammatory diseases. This review article discusses the role of immune cells in regulating obesity-related diseases, including diabetes.