Knowledge of the link between church and public space remains limited. However, there seems to exist a relationship between the church and the city, dating back to the first foundational temples. This relationship is still present in the churches of the most recently created neighborhoods, including those that are now gone and gave way to new squares, as well as those that were repurposed to house new activities. In this study, the relationship between public space and 132 parish churches within the municipal limits of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) was analyzed, with the aim to highlighting the most representative examples to understand the role of religious buildings in the urban landscape of the contemporary city. Morphological analyses and comparative views were the methodological research tools used for drawing new maps highlighting how they configure urban axes and homogeneous patterns. Finally, we included a relevant case study of urban regeneration, Mare de Déu dels Àngels church, as an example to demonstrate that a church without a square can have one. In conclusion, churches influenced both the public space adjacent to the parish temples and the urban growth and expansion of the city of Barcelona. Moreover, urban regeneration and new uses of some underutilized churches are a non-negligible future perspective. Churches are relevant for understanding the past of the city of Barcelona, but they are also important for the present and future of the city’s public space.

En el año 1936, se inició en España uno de los periodos más luctuosos de su historia reciente; la Guerra Civil. La contienda, que duró hasta el 1 de abril de 1939, conllevó un abundante número de muertos y heridos, así como una destrucción generalizada. Finalizada ésta, el régimen se encontró con la tarea de la reconstrucción nacional. Este hecho implicaba la utilización de unos recursos materiales que, en muchos casos, eran difíciles de obtener. Fuere el caso de los materiales férricos. Con la finalidad de regular el empleo del hierro en las construcciones, en julio de 1941 el Gobierno de la Nación aprobaría el Reglamento sobre las restricciones del hierro en la edificación. Los técnicos responsables tuvieron que implementar sus obras teniendo presente estas restricciones impuestas. Año 2021. Ochenta años después el presente trabajo rememora la génesis, las principales disposiciones así como las consecuencias que conllevaría esta norma.

Mask image projection based on stereolithography is an additive manufactured technology based on a Frontal Photopolymerization Process. Therefore, photocurable resins are used to build-up parts layer by layer. In this paper, alumina particles have been used as a reinforcement filler in order to improve the material stress-strain behaviour. In addition, the increment of the photoconversion ratio is a key factor to enhance the mechanical properties. Consequently, a numerical model has been used to determine the optimal printing parameters to enhance the elastic mechanical properties of printed parts according to the characteristics of photocurable materials. Stable and homogeneous reinforced materials have been obtained with an alumina content ranging from 5 to 15 wt%. Furthermore, the compression behaviour of reinforced materials has been analysed by means of experimental tests. The results show an enhancement of mechanical properties after the addition of reinforcement fillers, obtaining a maximum improvement in 10 wt% of solid load content. Finally, the influence of the sample’s orientation on the construction platform has been discussed.

El procedimiento de la Estática Gráfica, aplicado a problemas de arquitectura e ingeniería civil, tuvo una gran importancia, especialmente, a finales del siglo XIX y gran parte del siglo XX. Su conocimiento por parte de los técnicos implicaba, sin duda, que era uno de los métodos de cálculo que se estudiaban en las escuelas técnicas. Pasados cien años, su uso ha desaparecido o bien ha manifestado un claro retroceso en gran parte de las mismas. Pero conocer este método es de gran importancia, ya que no sólo implica rescatarlo del pasado y poder entender cálculos históricos, sino que permite dar herramientas a los estudiantes para resolver de una manera ágil y sencilla problemas presentes y futuros. Así, este artículo quiere presentar el procedimiento de la estática gráfica, estudiar su pasado, a la vez que, planteando el presente, preguntarse por su viabilidad en un futuro.

In May 1930, Hardy Cross (1885-1959) published an article called ‘Analysis of continuous frames by distributing fixed-end moments’ in the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). This article proposed a new approach to Structural Theory, and its relevance could be compared to that of the Three Moments Theorem (also known as the Clapeyron Theorem). The Cross method, as this calculation methodology has been often called, had remarkable significance from the moment it came out until the 70s, when new calculation methods became popular. In the present article, we will be trying to evaluate its impact in locations far from its origins; in particular, how it was understood and formulated in Spain. As will be demonstrated, the importance of this method was extremely relevant for theconstruction of new buildings and the implementation of new industries, which started to appear in a decisive moment for the development of the country. Even though the Hardy Cross method was the most widely used methodology at the time, two other procedures were also available; namely, the Kani and the Takabeya methods, methods that would also appear in the technical bibliography of the time. Despite the infrequent implementation of these other methods, we have briefly referred to both of them in the present paper. This article aims to show the relevance of the Cross method as well as its early implementation in Spain, by using academic bibliography of that time.

Despite abundant scholarship on religious architecture and urban history, a systematic city-wide analysis that treats the parish system as a territorially relevant infrastructure for planning remains uncommon. This article examines Barcelona’s network of 132 Catholic parish churches as a cartographic layer for interpreting distributed centralities and their relationships with public space. The study is grounded in an exhaustive inventory based on on-site visits and archival consultation, and on a standardised redrawing protocol (Sitte and Nolli conventions) developed from municipal cartography and architectural plans. Synthesis maps and fabric-specific drawings document spatial patterns that vary across phases of urban growth, as well as recurrent typologies of relationships between churches, squares, and urban axes. Across the corpus, at least 25 churches are associated with squares and can be grouped into four recurrent arrangements (12 with a single frontal square; 4 with concatenated lateral squares; 3 surrounded by open space; and 6 with squares severed by through-traffic infrastructure). District plates further reveal contrasting typological distributions between Ciutat Vella (n = 16), Eixample (n = 19), Gràcia (n = 11), and Nou Barris (n = 14). The findings show that Barcelona’s Catholic parish cartography constitutes a key interpretative layer for understanding the city’s complexity, including its social and urban transformations, neighbourhood-level mechanisms of resilience, and the interaction between religious networks, urban form, and civic culture. The resulting cartographic protocol is reproducible and transferable to studies of urbanisation and regional development, offering an operational framework for planning debates on the governance of public space, heritage conservation, and urban sustainability.