The flavor characteristics of three commercially important, cultivated mussel species (Mytilus coruscus, Mytilus galloprovincialis, and Perna viridis) were investigated through analyses of free amino acids, organic acids, 5′-nucleotides, fatty acids, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Distinct differences among species–sex groups were observed in both volatile and non-volatile flavor compounds. M. coruscus and M. galloprovincialis showed greater umami potential than P. viridis. Female M. galloprovincialis exhibited the highest equivalent umami concentration (EUC) (2.56 ± 0.21 g MSG/100 g), whereas male M. galloprovincialis and male M. coruscus contained the highest levels of sweet-tasting amino acids (605.42 ± 28.72 mg/100 g) and umami-tasting amino acids (209.29 ± 13.31 mg/100 g), respectively. Gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) analysis identified 67 volatile compounds, and 12 key discriminative volatiles were selected, including three aldehydes, four ketones, three alcohols, 2-ethylfuran, and acetic acid. Males generally showed higher omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs)and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-6 PUFAs) proportions than females, with the highest ω-3 PUFAs proportion in male M. coruscus (45.12 ± 0.22%) and the highest ω-6 PUFAs proportion in male P. viridis (8.13 ± 0.30%). Correlation analysis suggested that ω-6 PUFAs were more closely associated with aldehydes, whereas ω-3 PUFAs were more closely associated with alcohols and ketones. These associations provide preliminary evidence for understanding flavor differences among cultivated mussel groups.

Freezing is a common preservation technique that extends the shelf-life of food by inhibiting microbial and enzymatic activity. Among the various methods, liquid nitrogen quick-freezing (LNQF) stands out for its ultra-rapid freezing rate, which is pivotal for preserving the quality of highly perishable aquatic products. However, a comprehensive framework linking the physical advantages of LNQF to the underlying biochemical mechanisms of quality preservation is lacking. This review systematically bridges this gap by comparing the operational principles, advantages, and limitations of predominant LNQF methods, including immersion freezing, cold gas cycle freezing, and spray freezing. This study then meticulously details the quantitatively demonstrated benefits of LNQF on the quality parameters of various aquatic products. A key distinct contribution of this review is the proposal of ferroptosis, an iron dependent, lipid peroxidation-driven cell death pathway, as a novel and plausible mechanistic hypothesis to explain the quality degradation inhibited by LNQF. Furthermore, this review explores the synergistic potential of combining LNQF with pretreatment. Finally, we provide a critical outlook on intelligent process control and sustainable development within the field. This work not only synthesizes current knowledge but also provides a new theoretical lens (ferroptosis) and a practical framework (hybrid techniques) to guide future research and innovation in the high-quality frozen aquatic product industry.