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Sharlene Gill
Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa

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Journal article
Published: 15 June 2021 in Microbiology Research
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During the last ten years, the worldwide interest in using insects as food and feed has surged. Edible insects fall within the category of novel foods, i.e., the category of food not consumed in significant amounts in the European Union before 15 May 1997 (the date of entry into force of Regulation (EC) No. 258/1997, later repealed by Regulation (EU) No. 2283/2015). One of the most promising insect species to be raised for food is the house cricket (Acheta domesticus). In this study, the rearing of a stock of house crickets was studied over a period of four months. The microbiological quality of the farm was studied using swabs on the surface of the rearing boxes to analyze the trend over time of different populations of microorganisms (total aerobic mesophilic microbiota, Lactobacillus spp., enterococci, Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms, Pseudomonas spp. and molds). The presence of four antimicrobial resistance genes (aph, blaZ, sul1, and tetM) was investigated by polymerase chain reaction. A production scheme was also developed in order to obtain a cricket-based flour, which was analyzed for its microbiological and chemical-centesimal profile. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the contamination increases with time and that a proper management of the farming system for insects is of the utmost importance, as it is for conventional farm animals such as ungulates, poultry, and rabbits. The old-fashioned adage “all full, all empty” for the farming system summarizes the need for proper cleaning and disinfection of the structures at the end of each production cycle.

ACS Style

Luca Grispoldi; Musafiri Karama; Saeed El-Ashram; Cristina Maria Saraiva; Juan García-Díez; Athanasios Chalias; Salvatore Barbera; Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga. Hygienic Characteristics and Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Crickets (Acheta domesticus) Breed for Flour Production. Microbiology Research 2021, 12, 503 -512.

AMA Style

Luca Grispoldi, Musafiri Karama, Saeed El-Ashram, Cristina Maria Saraiva, Juan García-Díez, Athanasios Chalias, Salvatore Barbera, Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga. Hygienic Characteristics and Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Crickets (Acheta domesticus) Breed for Flour Production. Microbiology Research. 2021; 12 (2):503-512.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luca Grispoldi; Musafiri Karama; Saeed El-Ashram; Cristina Maria Saraiva; Juan García-Díez; Athanasios Chalias; Salvatore Barbera; Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga. 2021. "Hygienic Characteristics and Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Crickets (Acheta domesticus) Breed for Flour Production." Microbiology Research 12, no. 2: 503-512.

Conference report
Published: 15 June 2021 in Current Oncology
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On behalf of the Canadian Association of Medical Oncologists, we are pleased to present the Abstracts of the 2021 Annual Meeting. The National CAMO Residents Research Day was held virtually on 1 April 2021 and the CAMO Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting (ASM) & Annual General Meeting (AGM) took place on 22 April 2021. Twenty (20) abstracts were selected for presentation as oral presentations and rapid-fire presentations. Awards for the top three (3) abstracts were presented during the ASM and AGM. All of them were marked as “Award Recipient”. We congratulate all the presenters on their research work and contribution.

ACS Style

Jonathan Loree; Erin Powell; Sharlene Gill; Stephen Welch; Bruce Colwell; Desiree Hao. Abstracts of the 2021 Canadian Association of Medical Oncologists Annual Meeting. Current Oncology 2021, 28, 2199 -2226.

AMA Style

Jonathan Loree, Erin Powell, Sharlene Gill, Stephen Welch, Bruce Colwell, Desiree Hao. Abstracts of the 2021 Canadian Association of Medical Oncologists Annual Meeting. Current Oncology. 2021; 28 (3):2199-2226.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jonathan Loree; Erin Powell; Sharlene Gill; Stephen Welch; Bruce Colwell; Desiree Hao. 2021. "Abstracts of the 2021 Canadian Association of Medical Oncologists Annual Meeting." Current Oncology 28, no. 3: 2199-2226.

Journal article
Published: 17 May 2021 in Animals
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The immediate refrigeration of meat after slaughter is a key issue for the proper storage and aging of meat. The industry standard cold chain relies on low temperatures and ventilation to lower the internal carcass temperature to 0–4 °C within the first 48 h, i.e., within four times the so-called semi-cooling time. On the other hand, for games, once bled and eviscerated, the carcass must be sent to a point where it can be sectioned or kept on air for maturation at refrigeration temperature. The precautions to observe are few and simple but essential: protect the meat and start the cooling process quickly. After preparing the animal (bleeding and evisceration), it may be necessary to face a period of transport that is sometimes long and not very easy; while small animals can be easily transported in a backpack, larger ones must necessarily be carried by several people or sometimes dragged to the vehicle capable of transporting them. It is obvious that a wild boar opened from the jaws to the pelvis and dragged for hundreds of meters will tend to be contaminated, although these contaminations are to be considered secondary for the preservation of the meat, compared to contamination by the intestinal contents. In an attempt to investigate the effect of delayed refrigeration on wild boar carcass contamination, the aim of this work was to determine a correlation between several hunting and logistic parameters (age, sex, animal weight, shooting distance, number of shots, weather and temperature and time from shot to refrigeration and to analysis) and bacterial contamination of the carcass. The correlation coefficient, r, was found to be 0.038 for the eviscerated body weight (p< 0.05), 0.091 for the external temperature on the day of hunting (p< 0.05), 0.027 for the time from shot to refrigeration (p = 0.081), 0.038 for the time from refrigeration to analysis (p< 0.05) and 0.043 for the time from shot to analysis (p< 0.05). These results stand for a negative correlation between the bacterial population and eviscerated carcass weight and between the bacterial population and external temperature and for a positive correlation between the time from shot to analysis and from refrigeration to analysis. No association was demonstrated between the bacterial population and the time from shot to refrigeration.

ACS Style

Beniamino Cenci-Goga; Alberto Amicabile; Musafiri Karama; Saeed El-Ashram; Cristina Saraiva; Juan García-Díez; Simone Finotti; Viviana Genna; Giampaolo Moretti; Riccardo Murari; Riccardo Muliari; Sabrina Bonizzato; Erica Lugoboni; Sabina Cassini; Caterina Dal-Ben; Luca Grispoldi. Effect of Delayed Refrigeration on the Microbial Carcass Contamination of Wild Boars (Sus scrofa). Animals 2021, 11, 1434 .

AMA Style

Beniamino Cenci-Goga, Alberto Amicabile, Musafiri Karama, Saeed El-Ashram, Cristina Saraiva, Juan García-Díez, Simone Finotti, Viviana Genna, Giampaolo Moretti, Riccardo Murari, Riccardo Muliari, Sabrina Bonizzato, Erica Lugoboni, Sabina Cassini, Caterina Dal-Ben, Luca Grispoldi. Effect of Delayed Refrigeration on the Microbial Carcass Contamination of Wild Boars (Sus scrofa). Animals. 2021; 11 (5):1434.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beniamino Cenci-Goga; Alberto Amicabile; Musafiri Karama; Saeed El-Ashram; Cristina Saraiva; Juan García-Díez; Simone Finotti; Viviana Genna; Giampaolo Moretti; Riccardo Murari; Riccardo Muliari; Sabrina Bonizzato; Erica Lugoboni; Sabina Cassini; Caterina Dal-Ben; Luca Grispoldi. 2021. "Effect of Delayed Refrigeration on the Microbial Carcass Contamination of Wild Boars (Sus scrofa)." Animals 11, no. 5: 1434.

Preprint
Published: 13 May 2021
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Enterococci are enteric organisms which are commonly isolated from ewe and goat's milk production in Umbria, Italy. For years enterococci have been considered as microorganisms only indicative of inadequate hygienic practices or exposure of the food to conditions that would permit multiplication of other undesirable bacteria. However, enterococci largely occur in many cheeses, and are now considered to be usual components of their typical microflora. They play a major role in cheese ripening due to lipolytic, proteolytic and caseinolytic activities. Enterococci have been also shown to be involved in food poisoning outbreaks although only E. faecalis has been demonstrated to cause changes in dairy products, thus being the only species of concern in dairy production. The aim of this study was to was to investigate the evolution of enterococci during the production and ripening of Pecorino cheese made with two different cheesemaking processes and characterize Enterococcus spp. isolates all along the cheesemaking and ripening process.

ACS Style

Beniamino Cenci-Goga; Musafiri Karama; Saeed El-Ashram; Cristina Saraiva; Juan García-Díez; Athanasios Chalias; Luca Grispoldi. Enterococci in Farm-Manufactured Pecorino and Goat Cheese. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Beniamino Cenci-Goga, Musafiri Karama, Saeed El-Ashram, Cristina Saraiva, Juan García-Díez, Athanasios Chalias, Luca Grispoldi. Enterococci in Farm-Manufactured Pecorino and Goat Cheese. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beniamino Cenci-Goga; Musafiri Karama; Saeed El-Ashram; Cristina Saraiva; Juan García-Díez; Athanasios Chalias; Luca Grispoldi. 2021. "Enterococci in Farm-Manufactured Pecorino and Goat Cheese." , no. : 1.

Review
Published: 21 December 2020 in Microbiology Research
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The term ‘packaging’ refers to the technological intervention aimed at the protection of food from a variety of factors, which provokes the product detriment. Packaging is considered as one of the most interesting technological aspects and a constantly evolving issue in food production. This paper aims at the evaluation of the properties of packaging currently used in the meat industry and analyses the advantages, the disadvantages and the microbiota involved. Packaging is a coordinated system, which prepares the products for transportation, distribution, storage, marketing and consumption. Even if several packaging alternatives are proposed, the common purpose is to guarantee high standards, yet maintaining the required characteristics as long as possible. Meat is a dynamic system with a limited shelf-life and the nutritional and sensory properties may change during storage due to microbial activity and physical or chemical changes. Microbial spoilage, for instance, determines an impact in meat, producing unattractive odours, flavours, discolouration, gas and slime.

ACS Style

Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga; Maria Francesca Iulietto; Paola Sechi; Elena Borgogni; Musafiri Karama; Luca Grispoldi. New Trends in Meat Packaging. Microbiology Research 2020, 11, 56 -67.

AMA Style

Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga, Maria Francesca Iulietto, Paola Sechi, Elena Borgogni, Musafiri Karama, Luca Grispoldi. New Trends in Meat Packaging. Microbiology Research. 2020; 11 (2):56-67.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga; Maria Francesca Iulietto; Paola Sechi; Elena Borgogni; Musafiri Karama; Luca Grispoldi. 2020. "New Trends in Meat Packaging." Microbiology Research 11, no. 2: 56-67.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2020 in Foodborne Pathogens and Disease
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This study investigated occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter spp. isolates in beef cattle on five cow–calf operations in South Africa. A total of 537 fecal samples from adult beef cattle (n = 435) and rectal swabs from calves (n = 102) were screened for Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter upsaliensis by culture and polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, 86 Campylobacter spp. isolates including 46 C. jejuni, 24 C. coli, and 16 C. upsaliensis were tested for antimicrobial resistance against a panel of 9 antimicrobials. Overall, Campylobacter spp. was detected in 29.7% of cattle. Among the 158 Campylobacter spp.-positive cattle, 61.8% carried C. jejuni, 25% carried C. coli, and 10% carried C. upsaliensis. Five animals (3.1%) had mixed infections: three cows carried C. jejuni and C. coli concurrently, one cow had both C. jejuni and C. upsaliensis, and one cow harbored C. coli and C. upsaliensis. Antimicrobial resistance profiling among 86 Campylobacter spp. isolates revealed that 52.3% of the isolates were resistant to one or more antimicrobials. Antimicrobial resistance was observed in 46.7% of C. jejuni isolates, 35.6% of C. coli, and 17.8% of C. upsaliensis. Thirty-six percent of isolates were resistant to clindamycin, 19.7% to nalidixic acid, 18.6% to tetracycline, and 17.4% to erythromycin. Lower resistance rates were recorded for azithromycin (8.1%), florfenicol (3.4%), gentamicin (4.8%), and telithromycin and ciprofloxacin (5.8%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 32.5% of isolates. Significantly higher levels of MDR were detected among C. jejuni (36.9%) and C. coli (33.3%) isolates in comparison to C. upsaliensis (18.7%). Two main multiresistance patterns were detected: nalidixic acid/clindamycin (17.8%) and tetracycline/clindamycin (14.2%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which has shown that beef cattle on cow–calf operations in South Africa constitute an important reservoir and a potential source of clinically relevant and antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter spp. strains.

ACS Style

Musafiri Karama; Katembue Kambuyi; Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga; Mogaugedi Malahlela; Annelize Jonker; Cheng He; Jackson Ombui; Takula Tshuma; Eric Etter; Alan Kalake. Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter upsaliensis in Beef Cattle on Cow–Calf Operations in South Africa. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 2020, 17, 440 -446.

AMA Style

Musafiri Karama, Katembue Kambuyi, Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga, Mogaugedi Malahlela, Annelize Jonker, Cheng He, Jackson Ombui, Takula Tshuma, Eric Etter, Alan Kalake. Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter upsaliensis in Beef Cattle on Cow–Calf Operations in South Africa. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 2020; 17 (7):440-446.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Musafiri Karama; Katembue Kambuyi; Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga; Mogaugedi Malahlela; Annelize Jonker; Cheng He; Jackson Ombui; Takula Tshuma; Eric Etter; Alan Kalake. 2020. "Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter upsaliensis in Beef Cattle on Cow–Calf Operations in South Africa." Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 17, no. 7: 440-446.

Review article
Published: 07 January 2020 in European Food Research and Technology
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The use of antioxidants in meat preparation and meat products is highly debated. Regulations define the use of antioxidants mostly in terms of the age-old subdivision between meat preparations and meat products. Best practices are not well represented in regulations. Antioxidants for foodstuffs during processing or before packing protect colour, aroma and nutrient content. As regards food safety regulations, long-term efforts have been made in terms of food standards, food control systems, food legislation and regulatory approaches. These have, however, generated several questions on how to apply the law to diverse food businesses. To answer these questions, a thorough examination of the EU legislator’s choices for food additives and definitions is provided and discussed in relation to factors affecting microbial growth. The paper highlights the regulatory aspects along with the correct application and interpretation of the norms

ACS Style

Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga; Musafiri Karama; Chrystalleni Hadjichralambous; Paola Sechi; Luca Grispoldi. Is EU regulation on the use of antioxidants in meat preparation and in meat products still cutting edge? European Food Research and Technology 2020, 246, 661 -668.

AMA Style

Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga, Musafiri Karama, Chrystalleni Hadjichralambous, Paola Sechi, Luca Grispoldi. Is EU regulation on the use of antioxidants in meat preparation and in meat products still cutting edge? European Food Research and Technology. 2020; 246 (4):661-668.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga; Musafiri Karama; Chrystalleni Hadjichralambous; Paola Sechi; Luca Grispoldi. 2020. "Is EU regulation on the use of antioxidants in meat preparation and in meat products still cutting edge?" European Food Research and Technology 246, no. 4: 661-668.

Journal article
Published: 16 November 2019 in Animals
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The early diagnosis of mastitis is an essential factor for the prompt detection of the animal for further actions. In fact, if not culled, infected cows must be segregated from the milking herd and milked last, or milked with separate milking units. Besides microbiological analysis, the somatic cell count (SCC) commonly used as predictor of intramammary infection, frequently lead to a misclassification of milk samples. To overcome these limitations, more specific biomarkers are continuously evaluated. The total amino acid content increases significantly in mastitic milk compared to normal milk. S. aureus requires branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs—isoleucine, leucine, and valine) for protein synthesis, branched-chain fatty acids synthesis, and environmental adaptation by responding to their availability via transcriptional regulators. The increase of BCAAs in composite milk has been postulated to be linked to mammary infection by S. aureus. The aim of this work is to demonstrate, by a direct ion-pairing reversed-phase method, based on the use of the evaporative light-scattering detector (IP-RP-HPLC-ELSD), applied to 65 composite cow milk samples, a correlation between the concentration of isoleucine and leucine, and S. aureus load. The correlation coefficient, r, was found to be 0.102 for SCC (p = 0.096), 0.622 for isoleucine (p < 0.0001), 0.586 for leucine (p < 0.0001), 0.013 for valine (p = 0.381), and 0.07 for tyrosine (p = 0.034), standing for a positive correlation between S. aureus and isoleucine and leucine concentration. The link between the content of BCAAs, isoleucine and leucine, and udder infection by S. aureus demonstrated with our study has an important clinical value for the rapid diagnosis of S. aureus mastitis in cows.

ACS Style

L. Grispoldi; M. Karama; F. Ianni; A. La Mantia; L. Pucciarini; E. Camaioni; R. Sardella; P. Sechi; B. Natalini; B. T. Cenci-Goga. The Relationship between S. aureus and Branched-Chain Amino Acids Content in Composite Cow Milk. Animals 2019, 9, 981 .

AMA Style

L. Grispoldi, M. Karama, F. Ianni, A. La Mantia, L. Pucciarini, E. Camaioni, R. Sardella, P. Sechi, B. Natalini, B. T. Cenci-Goga. The Relationship between S. aureus and Branched-Chain Amino Acids Content in Composite Cow Milk. Animals. 2019; 9 (11):981.

Chicago/Turabian Style

L. Grispoldi; M. Karama; F. Ianni; A. La Mantia; L. Pucciarini; E. Camaioni; R. Sardella; P. Sechi; B. Natalini; B. T. Cenci-Goga. 2019. "The Relationship between S. aureus and Branched-Chain Amino Acids Content in Composite Cow Milk." Animals 9, no. 11: 981.

Journal article
Published: 15 August 2019 in Scientific Reports
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In this study, 140 cattle STEC isolates belonging to serogroups O157, O26, O145, O121, O103 and O45 were characterized for 38 virulence-associated genes, antimicrobial resistance profiles and genotyped by PFGE. The majority of isolates carried both stx1 and stx2 concurrently, stx2c, and stx2d; plasmid-encoded genes ehxA, espP, subA and saa but lacked katP and etpD and eaeA. Possession of eaeA was significantly associated with the presence of nle genes, katP, etpD, ureC and terC. However, saa and subA, stx1c and stx1d were only detected in eaeA negative isolates. A complete OI-122 and most non-LEE effector genes were detected in only two eaeA positive serotypes, including STEC O157:H7 and O103:H2. The eaeA gene was detected in STEC serotypes that are commonly implicated in severe humans disease and outbreaks including STEC O157:H7, STEC O145:H28 and O103:H2. PFGE revealed that the isolates were highly diverse with very low rates of antimicrobial resistance. In conclusion, only a small number of cattle STEC serotypes that possessed eaeA, had the highest number of virulence-associated genes, indicative of their high virulence. Further characterization of STEC O157:H7, STEC O145:H28 and O103:H2 using whole genome sequencing will be needed to fully understand their virulence potential for humans.

ACS Style

Musafiri Karama; Alfred O. Mainga; Beniamino Cenci-Goga; Mogaugedi Malahlela; Saeed El-Ashram; Alan Kalake. Molecular profiling and antimicrobial resistance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O26, O45, O103, O121, O145 and O157 isolates from cattle on cow-calf operations in South Africa. Scientific Reports 2019, 9, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Musafiri Karama, Alfred O. Mainga, Beniamino Cenci-Goga, Mogaugedi Malahlela, Saeed El-Ashram, Alan Kalake. Molecular profiling and antimicrobial resistance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O26, O45, O103, O121, O145 and O157 isolates from cattle on cow-calf operations in South Africa. Scientific Reports. 2019; 9 (1):1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Musafiri Karama; Alfred O. Mainga; Beniamino Cenci-Goga; Mogaugedi Malahlela; Saeed El-Ashram; Alan Kalake. 2019. "Molecular profiling and antimicrobial resistance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O26, O45, O103, O121, O145 and O157 isolates from cattle on cow-calf operations in South Africa." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1: 1-15.

Journal article
Published: 19 July 2019 in Toxins
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Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates (N = 38) that were incriminated in human disease from 2006 to 2013 in South Africa were characterized by serotype, virulence-associated genes, antimicrobial resistance and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The isolates belonged to 11 O:H serotypes. STEC O26:H11 (24%) was the most frequent serotype associated with human disease, followed by O111:H8 (16%), O157:H7 (13%) and O117:H7 (13%). The majority of isolates were positive for key virulence-associated genes including stx1 (84%), eaeA (61%), ehxA (68.4%) and espP (55%), but lacked stx2 (29%), katP (42%), etpD (16%), saa (16%) and subA (3%). stx2 positive isolates carried stx2c (26%) and/or stx2d (26%) subtypes. All pathogenicity island encoded virulence marker genes were detected in all (100%) isolates except nleA (47%), nleC (84%) and nleD (76%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 89% of isolates. PFGE revealed 34 profiles with eight distinct clusters that shared ≥80% intra-serotype similarity, regardless of the year of isolation. In conclusion, STEC isolates that were implicated in human disease between 2006 and 2013 in South Africa were mainly non-O157 strains which possessed virulence genes and markers commonly associated with STEC strains that have been incriminated in mild to severe human disease worldwide. Improved STEC monitoring and surveillance programs are needed in South Africa to control and prevent STEC disease in humans.

ACS Style

Musafiri Karama; Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga; Mogaugedi Malahlela; Anthony M. Smith; Karen Helena Keddy; Saeed El-Ashram; Lawan M. Kabiru; Alan Kalake. Virulence Characteristics and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Humans in South Africa: 2006–2013. Toxins 2019, 11, 424 .

AMA Style

Musafiri Karama, Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga, Mogaugedi Malahlela, Anthony M. Smith, Karen Helena Keddy, Saeed El-Ashram, Lawan M. Kabiru, Alan Kalake. Virulence Characteristics and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Humans in South Africa: 2006–2013. Toxins. 2019; 11 (7):424.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Musafiri Karama; Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga; Mogaugedi Malahlela; Anthony M. Smith; Karen Helena Keddy; Saeed El-Ashram; Lawan M. Kabiru; Alan Kalake. 2019. "Virulence Characteristics and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Humans in South Africa: 2006–2013." Toxins 11, no. 7: 424.

Communication
Published: 23 May 2019 in Toxins
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Possible contamination by Staphylococcus aureus of the production environment and of the meat of a canned meat production factory was analysed. A total of 108 samples were taken from nine critical control points, 13 of them were positive for S. aureus. None of the isolates produced enterotoxins. To determine how much time can elapse between can seaming and sterilisation in the autoclave without any risk of enterotoxin production by S. aureus, the growth and enterotoxin production of three enterotoxin A producing strains of S. aureus (one ATCC strain and two field strains) in canned meat before sterilisation was investigated at three different temperatures (37, 20 and 10 °C). Two types of meat were used, one with and one without sodium nitrite. In the canned products, the spiked bacteria spread throughout the meat and reached high levels. Enterotoxin production was shown to start 10 hours after incubation at 37 °C and after 48 h after incubation at 20 °C; the production of enterotoxin was always detected in the transition between the exponential and the stationary growth phase. At 10 °C, the enterotoxin was never detected. The statistical analysis of the data showed that the difference between the two different types of meat was not statistically significant (p value > 0.05). Since it is well known that following heat treatment, staphylococcal enterotoxins, although still active (in in vivo assays), can be undetectable (loss of serological recognition) depending on the food matrix and pH, it is quite difficult to foresee the impact of heat treatment on enterotoxin activity. Therefore, although the bacteria are eliminated, the toxins may remain and cause food poisoning. The significance of the results of this study towards implementing good manufacturing practices and hazard analysis critical control points in a canned meat factory are discussed with reference to the management of pre-retorting steps after seaming.

ACS Style

Luca Grispoldi; Paul Alexanderu Popescu; Musafiri Karama; Vito Gullo; Giusi Poerio; Elena Borgogni; Paolo Torlai; Giuseppina Chianese; Anna Giovanna Fermani; Paola Sechi; Beniamino Cenci-Goga. Study on the Growth and Enterotoxin Production by Staphylococcus aureus in Canned Meat before Retorting. Toxins 2019, 11, 291 .

AMA Style

Luca Grispoldi, Paul Alexanderu Popescu, Musafiri Karama, Vito Gullo, Giusi Poerio, Elena Borgogni, Paolo Torlai, Giuseppina Chianese, Anna Giovanna Fermani, Paola Sechi, Beniamino Cenci-Goga. Study on the Growth and Enterotoxin Production by Staphylococcus aureus in Canned Meat before Retorting. Toxins. 2019; 11 (5):291.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luca Grispoldi; Paul Alexanderu Popescu; Musafiri Karama; Vito Gullo; Giusi Poerio; Elena Borgogni; Paolo Torlai; Giuseppina Chianese; Anna Giovanna Fermani; Paola Sechi; Beniamino Cenci-Goga. 2019. "Study on the Growth and Enterotoxin Production by Staphylococcus aureus in Canned Meat before Retorting." Toxins 11, no. 5: 291.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2019 in Journal of Dairy Science
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Staphylococcus aureus is not only a common cause of bovine mastitis, but also an agent of food poisoning in humans. In an attempt to determine whether staphylococci causing bovine mastitis could also cause food poisoning, 60 isolates of presumed S. aureus were isolated in the period between March and August 2017 from 3,384 routine, composite, quarter milk samples of individual cows raised on 12 dairy farms in central Italy. Seventeen out of 60 isolates were confirmed as S. aureus after coagulase, thermonuclease, and biochemical tests. These isolates were analyzed by PCR for the presence of the nuc, sea, seb, sec, sed, and see genes. The positive isolates were nuc, 100% (17); sea, 35.29% (6); seb, 5.88% (1); sec, 5.88% (1); sed, 29.41% (5); and see, 47.06% (8). The isolates were also tested with 2 enzyme immunoassay diagnostic kits, one for the screening detection of the production of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE) and one for the detection of specific enterotoxin produced by each isolate. Seven out of 17 (41.18%) were enterotoxin producers: 7 produced SEA (41.18%), 1 SEB (5.88%), 1 SEC (5.88%), 5 SED (29.41%), and 6 SEE (35.29%). To further characterize the isolates, they were analyzed by the Kirby Bauer test for susceptibility to 13 antimicrobials (ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, methicillin, nalidixic acid, erythromycin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, streptomycin, vancomycin, neomycin, and enrofloxacin), and we detected resistance to ampicillin (52.94%), nalidixic acid (70.59%), erythromycin (5.88%), and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (17.65%). The isolates were sensitive to the main classes of antimicrobials used for the treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis. The presence of enterotoxin-producing isolates of S. aureus in bovine milk means that a temperature abuse or a breakdown in the thermal treatment of the milk could present a food safety risk, particularly if all enterotoxigenic isolates could potentially produce SEA in milk.

ACS Style

Luca Grispoldi; Luca Massetti; Paola Sechi; Maria F. Iulietto; Margherita Ceccarelli; Musafiri Karama; Paul A. Popescu; Francesco Pandolfi; Beniamino Cenci-Goga. Short communication: Characterization of enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from mastitic cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2019, 102, 1059 -1065.

AMA Style

Luca Grispoldi, Luca Massetti, Paola Sechi, Maria F. Iulietto, Margherita Ceccarelli, Musafiri Karama, Paul A. Popescu, Francesco Pandolfi, Beniamino Cenci-Goga. Short communication: Characterization of enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from mastitic cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2019; 102 (2):1059-1065.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luca Grispoldi; Luca Massetti; Paola Sechi; Maria F. Iulietto; Margherita Ceccarelli; Musafiri Karama; Paul A. Popescu; Francesco Pandolfi; Beniamino Cenci-Goga. 2019. "Short communication: Characterization of enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from mastitic cows." Journal of Dairy Science 102, no. 2: 1059-1065.

Multicenter study
Published: 30 January 2019 in Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research
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Reports on the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in dogs in South Africa are non-existent. This study investigated the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in 481 dogs visiting four rural community veterinary clinics in South Africa. Dogs were screened for Campylobacter spp. by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between sex, clinic, breed and age and the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in dogs. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was 41.50% (95% confidence interval [CI], 37.39% - 46.04%). Campylobacter jejuni, C. upsaliensis and C. coli were detected in 29.31% (95% CI, 25.42% - 33.54%), 13.10% (95% CI, 10.37% - 16.42%) and 5.41% (95% CI, 3.71% - 7.82%) of dogs, respectively. Dogs carrying more than one species of Campylobacter spp. accounted for 6.23% (95% CI, 4.40% - 8.78%). Campylobacter upsaliensis and C. jejuni were detected in 3.74% (95% CI, 2.37% - 5.86%), whereas C. coli and C. jejuni were found in 2.49% (95% CI, 1.42% - 4.34%) of dogs. Age and clinic were the risk factors significantly associated with Campylobacter spp. occurrence, while age, breed and clinic were predictors of C. jejuni carriage. Furthermore, age was the only risk factor associated with a higher likelihood of carrying C. upsaliensis. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. C. jejuni and C. upsaliensis increased significantly as dogs grew older. In addition, the odds of carrying Campylobacter spp. were higher in the Staffordshire bull terrier breed compared to crossbreed dogs. In conclusion, this study shows that dogs visiting rural community veterinary clinics in South Africa are reservoirs of Campylobacter spp. and may be potential sources of Campylobacter spp. for humans living in close proximity of the dog populations under study.

ACS Style

Musafiri Karama; Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga; Alice Prosperi; Eric Etter; Saeed El-Ashram; Cheryl McCrindle; Jackson N. Ombui; Alan Kalake. Prevalence and risk factors associated with Campylobacter spp. occurrence in healthy dogs visiting four rural community veterinary clinics in South Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 2019, 86, e1 -e6.

AMA Style

Musafiri Karama, Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga, Alice Prosperi, Eric Etter, Saeed El-Ashram, Cheryl McCrindle, Jackson N. Ombui, Alan Kalake. Prevalence and risk factors associated with Campylobacter spp. occurrence in healthy dogs visiting four rural community veterinary clinics in South Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research. 2019; 86 (1):e1-e6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Musafiri Karama; Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga; Alice Prosperi; Eric Etter; Saeed El-Ashram; Cheryl McCrindle; Jackson N. Ombui; Alan Kalake. 2019. "Prevalence and risk factors associated with Campylobacter spp. occurrence in healthy dogs visiting four rural community veterinary clinics in South Africa." Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 86, no. 1: e1-e6.

Original article
Published: 08 July 2018 in Zoonoses and Public Health
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Cattle are a major reservoir of Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli. This study investigated the occurrence of seven major STEC serogroups including O157, O145, O103, O121, O111, O45 and O26 among 578 STEC isolates previously recovered from 559 cattle. The isolates were characterized for serotype and major virulence genes. Polymerase chain reaction revealed that 41.7% (241/578) of isolates belonged to STEC O157, O145, O103, O121, O45 and O26, and 33 distinct serotypes. The 241 isolates corresponded to 16.5% (92/559) of cattle that were STEC positive. The prevalence of cattle that tested positive for at least one of the six serogroups across the five farms was variable ranging from 2.9% to 43.4%. Occurrence rates for individual serogroups were as follows: STEC O26 was found in 10.2% (57/559); O45 in 2.9% (16/559); O145 in 2.5% (14/559); O157 in 1.4% (8/559); O121 in 1.1% (6/559); and O103 in 0.4% (2/559). The following proportions of virulence genes were observed: stx1, 69.3% (167/241); stx2, 96.3% (232/241); eaeA, 7.1% (17/241); ehxA, 92.5% (223/241); and both stx1 and stx2, 62.2% (150/241) of isolates. These findings are evidence that cattle in South Africa carry STEC that belong to six major STEC serogroups commonly incriminated in human disease. However, only a subset of serotypes associated with these serogroups were clinically relevant in human disease. Most STEC isolates carried stx1, stx2 and ehxA but lacked eaeA, a major STEC virulence factor in human disease.

ACS Style

Alfred O. Mainga; Beniamino Cenci-Goga; Mogaugedi N. Malahlela; Takula Tshuma; Alan Kalake; Musafiri Karama. Occurrence and characterization of seven major Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coliserotypes from healthy cattle on cow-calf operations in South Africa. Zoonoses and Public Health 2018, 65, 777 -789.

AMA Style

Alfred O. Mainga, Beniamino Cenci-Goga, Mogaugedi N. Malahlela, Takula Tshuma, Alan Kalake, Musafiri Karama. Occurrence and characterization of seven major Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coliserotypes from healthy cattle on cow-calf operations in South Africa. Zoonoses and Public Health. 2018; 65 (7):777-789.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alfred O. Mainga; Beniamino Cenci-Goga; Mogaugedi N. Malahlela; Takula Tshuma; Alan Kalake; Musafiri Karama. 2018. "Occurrence and characterization of seven major Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coliserotypes from healthy cattle on cow-calf operations in South Africa." Zoonoses and Public Health 65, no. 7: 777-789.

Papers
Published: 02 July 2016 in Italian Journal of Animal Science
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This study evaluated the effect of a ‘formulation of selected dairy starter cultures and commercial probiotics’, associated with ‘specific ripening conditions’ in the production of nitrite and nitrate-free, low-acid, fermented pork sausage, produced in a small-scale plant in Umbria (Italy), and their effect on microbiological, physico-chemical and sensorial properties of the products. The following conditions were investigated throughout the experiment: (i) the use of the ‘formulation of selected dairy starter cultures and commercial probiotics’ vs no starter; (ii) the use of ‘specific ripening conditions’ vs ‘classic ripening conditions’; (iii) the use of nitrate vs nitrite and nitrate-free sausages. Sensory properties were improved and pathogen control was greater in salami to which a ‘formulation of selected dairy starter cultures and commercial probiotics’ had been added, especially under ‘specific ripening conditions’. The proposed formulation, together with the specific ripening conditions, greatly inhibited the growth of undesirable microbiota, reduced the isolation rate of pathogens and preserved the acceptability of the salami.

ACS Style

Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga; Musafiri Karama; Paola Sechi; Maria Francesca Iulietto; Sara Novelli; Roberto Selvaggini; Salvatore Barbera. Effect of a novel starter culture and specific ripening conditions on microbiological characteristics of nitrate-free dry-cured pork sausages. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2016, 15, 358 -374.

AMA Style

Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga, Musafiri Karama, Paola Sechi, Maria Francesca Iulietto, Sara Novelli, Roberto Selvaggini, Salvatore Barbera. Effect of a novel starter culture and specific ripening conditions on microbiological characteristics of nitrate-free dry-cured pork sausages. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2016; 15 (3):358-374.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga; Musafiri Karama; Paola Sechi; Maria Francesca Iulietto; Sara Novelli; Roberto Selvaggini; Salvatore Barbera. 2016. "Effect of a novel starter culture and specific ripening conditions on microbiological characteristics of nitrate-free dry-cured pork sausages." Italian Journal of Animal Science 15, no. 3: 358-374.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in Italian Journal of Animal Science
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Several growth curves for selected pathogens and hygiene indicators alone and vs selected dairy starter cultures (LAB) and commercial probiotics have been performed. All strains for LAB and commercial probiotics were inoculated as pure cultures into skim milk to get an initial cocci:bacilli:enterocci ratio of 2:1:1 and a concentration of approximately 107 cfu mL–1 until challenge vs selected pathogens and hygiene indicators. Selected pathogens came from the collection of the Laboratorio di Ispezione degli Alimenti di O.A. or were reference strains (Escherichia coli, CSH26 K12, Staphylococcus aureus 27R, Salmonella Derby 27, Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 13525, Listeria innocua ATCC 33090). Each strain was inoculated into skim milk to get an initial concentration of approximately 106 cfu mL–1. Growth curves in skim milk for the following challenges were studied: i) sterility control; ii) association LAB; iii) association of LAB vs each selected pathogen or hygiene indicator; iv) selected pathogen or hygiene indicator alone. The challenges were carried out in BHI broth and in skim milk at 37°C. The highest reduction was observed in milk but in general the association of LAB and the probiotic was able to limit the growth of pathogens and hygiene indicators.

ACS Style

Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga; Musafiri Karama; Paola Sechi; Maria F. Iulietto; Sara Novelli; Roberto Selvaggini; Sara Mattei. Growth Inhibition of Selected Microorganisms by an Association of Dairy Starter Cultures and Probiotics. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2015, 14, 1 .

AMA Style

Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga, Musafiri Karama, Paola Sechi, Maria F. Iulietto, Sara Novelli, Roberto Selvaggini, Sara Mattei. Growth Inhibition of Selected Microorganisms by an Association of Dairy Starter Cultures and Probiotics. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2015; 14 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga; Musafiri Karama; Paola Sechi; Maria F. Iulietto; Sara Novelli; Roberto Selvaggini; Sara Mattei. 2015. "Growth Inhibition of Selected Microorganisms by an Association of Dairy Starter Cultures and Probiotics." Italian Journal of Animal Science 14, no. 2: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2014 in Journal of Dairy Science
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ACS Style

B.T. Cenci-Goga; Musafiri Karama; P. Sechi; M.F. Iulietto; S. Novelli; S. Mattei; Beniamino Cenci-Goga. Evolution under different storage conditions of anomalous blue coloration of Mozzarella cheese intentionally contaminated with a pigment-producing strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Journal of Dairy Science 2014, 97, 6708 -6718.

AMA Style

B.T. Cenci-Goga, Musafiri Karama, P. Sechi, M.F. Iulietto, S. Novelli, S. Mattei, Beniamino Cenci-Goga. Evolution under different storage conditions of anomalous blue coloration of Mozzarella cheese intentionally contaminated with a pigment-producing strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Journal of Dairy Science. 2014; 97 (11):6708-6718.

Chicago/Turabian Style

B.T. Cenci-Goga; Musafiri Karama; P. Sechi; M.F. Iulietto; S. Novelli; S. Mattei; Beniamino Cenci-Goga. 2014. "Evolution under different storage conditions of anomalous blue coloration of Mozzarella cheese intentionally contaminated with a pigment-producing strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens." Journal of Dairy Science 97, no. 11: 6708-6718.

Journal article
Published: 19 April 2013 in Applied and Environmental Microbiology
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Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) O111:NM is an important serotype that has been incriminated in disease outbreaks in the United States. This study characterized cattle STEC O111:NM for virulence factors and markers by PCR. Major conclusions are that STEC O111:NM characterized in this study lacksstx2and the full spectrum ofnlegene markers, and it has an incomplete OI-122.

ACS Style

Musafiri Karama; Carlton L. Gyles. Virulence Profiling of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O111:NM Isolates from Cattle. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2013, 79, 4164 -4165.

AMA Style

Musafiri Karama, Carlton L. Gyles. Virulence Profiling of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O111:NM Isolates from Cattle. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2013; 79 (13):4164-4165.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Musafiri Karama; Carlton L. Gyles. 2013. "Virulence Profiling of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O111:NM Isolates from Cattle." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 13: 4164-4165.

Review
Published: 13 November 2009 in Zoonoses and Public Health
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Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) is annually incriminated in more than 100,000 cases of enteric foodborne human disease and in losses amounting to $US 2.5 billion every year. A number of genotyping methods have been developed to track VTEC infections and determine diversity and evolutionary relationships among these microorganisms. These methods have facilitated monitoring and surveillance of foodborne VTEC outbreaks and early identification of outbreaks or clusters of outbreaks. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) has been used extensively to track and differentiate VTEC because of its high discriminatory power, reproducibility and ease of standardization. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis (MLVA) and microarrays are the latest genotyping methods that have been applied to discriminate VTEC. MLVA, a simpler and less expensive method, is proving to have a discriminatory power comparable to that of PFGE. Microarrays are successfully being applied to differentiate VTEC and make inferences on genome diversification. Novel methods that are being evaluated for subtyping VTEC include the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms and optical mapping. This review discusses the principles, applications, advantages and disadvantages of genotyping methods that have been used to differentiate VTEC strains. These methods have been mainly used to differentiate strains of O157:H7 VTEC and to a lesser extent non-O157 VTEC.

ACS Style

Musafiri Karama; C. L. Gyles. Methods for Genotyping Verotoxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Zoonoses and Public Health 2009, 57, 447 -462.

AMA Style

Musafiri Karama, C. L. Gyles. Methods for Genotyping Verotoxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Zoonoses and Public Health. 2009; 57 (7-8):447-462.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Musafiri Karama; C. L. Gyles. 2009. "Methods for Genotyping Verotoxin-Producing Escherichia coli." Zoonoses and Public Health 57, no. 7-8: 447-462.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2009 in Applied and Environmental Microbiology
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This study investigated variations in the occurrence of markers of O islands 122 and 43/48 and in verotoxin 1 production in 91 verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) O103:H2 strains of bovine and human origins. None of the genes that were investigated appear to be virulence indicators for human O103:H2 VTEC.

ACS Style

Musafiri Karama; Roger P. Johnson; Robert Holtslander; Carlton L. Gyles. Production of Verotoxin and Distribution of O Islands 122 and 43/48 among Verotoxin-Producing Escherichia coli O103:H2 Isolates from Cattle and Humans. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2009, 75, 268 -270.

AMA Style

Musafiri Karama, Roger P. Johnson, Robert Holtslander, Carlton L. Gyles. Production of Verotoxin and Distribution of O Islands 122 and 43/48 among Verotoxin-Producing Escherichia coli O103:H2 Isolates from Cattle and Humans. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2009; 75 (1):268-270.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Musafiri Karama; Roger P. Johnson; Robert Holtslander; Carlton L. Gyles. 2009. "Production of Verotoxin and Distribution of O Islands 122 and 43/48 among Verotoxin-Producing Escherichia coli O103:H2 Isolates from Cattle and Humans." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 1: 268-270.