Environmental issues such as global warming, air pollution and ozone depletion have become global challenges. However, environmental awareness, environmental concern, environmental attitude and environmental behavior of individuals, as well as their academic background knowledge, are potential factors that may help in coping with these challenges. Here, we evaluated environmentalawareness, concern, attitude and behavior of university students across the five academic disciplines including arts & humanities, social sciences, physical sciences, biological sciences and environmental sciences. Further, we investigated how environmental- awareness, concern, and attitude influence the environmental behavior of individuals. Data was collected from 824 students of two public and two private sector universities through a self-administered questionnaire. The level of environmental awareness, environmental concern and environmental behavior of university students were found significantly high, whereas, level of environmental attitude was significantly low. Levels of environmental awareness, environmental concern and environmental behavior for all the five disciplines were found adequately high, but the level of environmental attitude was high for only two groups, i.e. physical sciences and biological sciences, and, low for three other groups. The group of biological sciences was ranked at top in all the four cases of awareness, concern, attitude and behavior. Moreover, the effects of environmental awareness and environmental concern on environmental behavior were found significantly positive, whereas the effect of environmental attitude was significantly negative.

The application of natural dye in the textile industry is gaining popularity because of the increasing awareness of environmental effects, the ecological effects, and the pollution caused by synthetic dyes. Rose flowers, which are one of the best sources of natural dye, have been selected for fabric dyeing due to the presence of anthocyanin pigment. Dyeing of wool is done at optimal conditions such as pH, temperature, time, and salt. It is found that at different percentages (1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%) chemical and bio mordants mediums gave a variety of shades of good color and better fastness properties onto natural fabrics. By using different chemical and bio mordants and their combinations to analyze the color strength and fastness properties could be enhanced. Bio-mordants gave shades with good color strength and acceptable for the universe. The plant extract has therapeutic values like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activity against some gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria.

Green products such as plant pigments are gaining fame globally due to their excellent ayurvedic and biological characteristics. In this study, microwave (M.W.) has been employed to isolate colourant from black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), and bio-mordants have been included to obtain colourfast shades. Central Composite design (CCD) was formulated under response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize dyeing variables statistically. The results obtained after a series of experiments show that using 35 mL of irradiated acidic extract (RE = 6 min) of (pH4) in the presence of 1 g/100 mL of table salt as an exhausting agent at 65 °C for 55 min has demonstrated excellent colour depth (K/S) onto microwave-treated silk fabric (RS = 6 min). By applying bio-mordants, it has been found that walnut extract (1.5%), pinenut hull extract (1%), and orange peel extract (1.5%) are there before dyeing. In contrast, walnut extract (1.5%), pinenut hull extract (1.5%), and orange peel extracts (1.5%) after dyeing have shown colourfast shades of high strength. Comparatively, salts of Al⁺³ (1.5%), salts of Fe⁺² (1.5%), and T.A. (tannic acid = 1.5%) before dyeing, while salts of Al⁺³ (0.5%) and salts of Fe⁺² (2%) and T.A. (Tannic acid = 1%) after dyeing, have given good results. It has been observed that the use of M.W. radiation has not only improved the yield of dyes extracted from leaves when applied to silk fabric but also the inclusion of the optimum amount of bio and chemical mordants have resulted in moderate to good and excellent colour fastness ratings.

Environment-friendly textile processing is now-a-days worldwide demand. The current study has been concerned with the utilization of suitable tool i.e. microwave radiation for the improvement of dyeing behavior of natural fabrics using Acid Red 138 dye. Microwave treatment up to 6 min has been given to both dye solution and fabrics. Microwave-treated and un-treated fabrics were used to dye under-treated and un-treated solutions. Different dyeing parameters were employed and shade made at optimized conditions were as per ISO fastness standards and it was found that un-heated silk has given excellent results when dyed at 65^◦C for 65 min under irradiated dye solution of 4 pH containing 4 g/100 mL of salt. But irradiated wool has given good results when the solution of 1 pH contaminating 4 g/100 mL salt was irradiated to dye fabrics at 65 ^◦C for 65 min. However, silk fabric has shown more promising behavior toward treated dye solution as compared to wool fabric under optimum conditions. It is concluded that microwave treatment has a good potential not only to make acid dyeing process more sustainable for the coloring behavior of silk more than wool under mild condition.

A response surface design from one of the classes available in the literature can be a natural choice for many experimenters. Augmented Pairs designs were constructed for modeling second order response surfaces and shown to have several desirable properties. Here, Augmented Pairs designs for 3–6 factors are compared with designs of the same size selected from the class of Subset Designs. Designs are compared on the basis of different information based optimality criteria and graphical criteria in spherical and cuboidal regions. Many useful subset designs of the same size are better than the AP design. The user can think of a variety of properties to make a better choice of designs of a particular size from among these two classes.

Effluent load eluted from textile processing have forced traders and industrialists to employ sustainable tool; which not only save energy, cost, and labor but also make the process cleaner. This study is concerned with the improvement of the dyeing of proteinous fabrics using Acid Violet 3B dye under microwave radiations. It has been found that dyeing of irradiated silk at 60°C for 60 min using 30 mL of irradiated dye bath of 2 pH containing 7 g/100 mL of salt has given excellent result whereas for dyeing of irradiated wool 40 mL of irradiated dye bath of 2 pH contain 5 g/100 mL salt at 60°C for 60 min has given the best result. ISO standards for colorfastness applied at 1–6% shade made at optimal condition showed that microwave treatment has enhanced the rating from good to excellent. The result verifies that this clean heating tool has excellent efficiency to improve the dyeing process and functional behavior of fabrics under mild conditions.