Ageing is a complex and unavoidable physiological process which, in simple terms, consists of a progressive deterioration in the functionality of cells, tissues and organs, culminating in an increased risk of developing chronic pathologies. Telomeres, the repetitive nucleotide structures at the end of chromosomes, ensure genomic integrity and modulate cellular senescence. The progressive shortening of telomere length with each cell division directly correlates with an increased susceptibility to developing chronic pathologies. However, this shortening, normally physiological and inevitable, can be markedly accelerated in the presence of chronic infections, such as HIV-1 infection, by sustained and continuous activation of the immune system, chronic inflammation, generation of oxidative stress, or direct alterations produced by viral proteins. Thus, in this narrative review, we discuss the 12 hallmarks of ageing in the context of HIV-1 infection, as understanding the molecular changes induced by HIV-1 through these well-established pillars could provide a holistic approach to the management of HIV-positive patients. At the same time, considering that telomeres are at the centre of all these changes, an assessment of the impact of antiretroviral therapy on telomere length is necessary to guide clinical decisions. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop personalised therapies to increase the quality of life and health outcomes of HIV patients.

This narrative review examines topical anti-inflammatory therapies in veterinary medicine through the lens of the One Health framework, integrating pharmacology, dermatology, ecotoxicology, food safety, and regulatory science. It discusses the interconnected roles of veterinarians, pharmacists, environmental scientists, public health authorities, and regulatory bodies in addressing antimicrobial resistance, environmental contamination, zoonotic transmission, and drug residues in food-producing animals. By emphasising cross-sector collaboration, the review highlights how coordinated strategies can enhance animal welfare, safeguard human health, and reduce ecological burden. The article analyses inflammatory conditions in companion and farm animals and compares systemic versus topical anti-inflammatory approaches. Particular attention is given to corticosteroids, NSAIDs, immunomodulators, pro-resolving lipid mediators, and plant-derived bioactives, alongside advances in vehicles such as lipid nanocarriers and biodegradable film-forming systems designed to minimise systemic absorption and environmental dispersion. Regulatory considerations, residue control, pharmacovigilance gaps, and sustainability-oriented formulation strategies are critically addressed. Topical anti-inflammatory therapies, when rationally designed and monitored under One Health principles, represent a strategic opportunity to improve therapeutic precision while limiting systemic toxicity and ecological impact. Future directions should prioritise translational research, eco-compatible formulation design, and harmonised regulatory frameworks.