Purpose.: To evaluate the structure–function relationship between ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness at the macula and 10-2 standard automated perimetry (SAP) in glaucoma and to evaluate the relationship using a recently proposed linear model. Methods.: In a cross-sectional analysis, structure–function relationship was determined in 50 glaucomatous eyes (40 patients, mean deviation: −15.4 ± 7.5 dB) and 21 control eyes (13 subjects, mean deviation: −3.4 ± 3.0 dB), which had undergone 10-2 SAP and GCIPL imaging on the same day. Functional loss was derived from total deviation numerical values on 10-2 SAP and calculated on both a linear (reciprocal of Lambert) and a decibel scale after accounting for the retinal ganglion cell displacement at the macula. Strength of relationship was reported as coefficient of determination (R²) of the linear regression models fitted to the data separately for different sectors. The relationship was also evaluated using a linear model. Results.: The R² for the associations between GCIPL thickness sectors and the corresponding sector SAP total deviation values ranged from 0.19 (for superonasal GCIPL sector) to 0.60 (for average GCIPL thickness) when functional loss was calculated on the decibel scale and 0.16 (for superonasal sector) to 0.54 (for inferior sector) on the linear scale. All associations were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The linear model fitted the data reasonably well. Conclusions.: Significant structure–function associations were found between GCIPL thickness measurements at the macula and the functional loss measured on 10-2 SAP in glaucoma. Best fit was found for the inferior and average GCIPL sector thickness. The linear model was useful to study the structure–function relationship.

Relevance: This study is essential for understanding the prevalence of refractive errors in Albania and their impact on visual health. It highlights the importance of access to eye care services, emphasizing disparities in urban and rural areas, thereby underscoring the need for improved nationwide eye health coverage. Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the prevalence and impact of refractive errors in Albania focusing on subjects attending an urban eye clinic in Tirana. Methods: Participants were recruited for this study between the first three quarters of 2024. All participants underwent a comprehensive examination to assess visual acuity, objective refraction using i-Profile Plus, and subjective refraction with the Automated Visuphor 500. A basic eye examination was conducted using biomicroscopy and ophthalmoscopy. Optometric management included optical services, such as glasses and contact lenses, provided within the facility, while referrals were made for subjects requiring specialist examination or surgical intervention, such as cataract surgery. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS v28, following a format designed for comprehensive analysis. Results: Based on the data of 901 patients, including children and adults, 56.24% patients were females and 43.76% were males. It was found that 32.29% (291) of the patients attended the eye clinic were having myopia, 33.08% (298) were having hyperopia, and 34.62% (312) were emmetropes. Furthermore, we found no sex differences between refractive errors. 13.3% of Anisometropia was reported in subjects. Eight out of Ten patients were provided or able to achieve best corrected visual acuity of 1.0(6/6) with refractive correction either glasses or contact lenses, while 2 out 10 required further eye examination or surgical interventions for conditions such as cataracts. Conclusions: Refractive errors are the primary reason for visits to eye clinics. Access to eye care services is crucial, as Four out of Ten individuals either do not receive correction or lack refractive services, which is particularly evident in urban areas and may be even more pronounced in the rural regions of Albania. Universal access to eye health coverage should be implemented nationwide in order to ensure equitable care.

Relevance: Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia (OSSN) is the most common malignancy of the ocular surface; timely non-invasive detection can preserve vision. This systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis revealed that AI-based models performed with high accuracy in diagnosing OSSN. Future research requires comprehensive prospective studies, along with improvements in methodology to strengthen AI-based diagnosis. This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA) guidelines. We systematically searched four databases, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus, to explore the use of AI in diagnosing OSSN. The QUADAS-2 tool was used to find the risk of bias across the included studies. A diagnostic meta-analysis was conducted to determine the pooled sensitivity and specificity of AI models used in various studies to diagnose the OSSN. The summary receiver operating curve (SROC) was drawn to calculate the area under the curve (AUC).A total of 51 studies were found, and 6 studies were included in this systematic review, and four studies were eligible to be included in the diagnostic meta-analysis. All the included studies had at least one significant bias in methodology, leading to an overall high risk of bias. The diagnostic meta-analysis showed a pooled sensitivity of 95.5 % (95% CI: 67.5 to 99.5) and a specificity of 96.4 % (95% CI: 87.7 to 99.0). The summary receiver operating curve (SROC) revealed high accuracy (0.95) of AI models in diagnosing OSSN. AI-based models demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of ocular surface squamous neoplasia. AI can reliably diagnose OSSN with both deep learning and machine learning models.

Purpose: To determine the frequency of Neurogenic Strabismus presenting at the Orthoptics Clinic in Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital, Malir Karachi. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Sampling Technique: Non-probability convenient sampling. Place and Duration of Study: Orthoptics Clinic of Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital (AIEH) Karachi, Pakistan from May to October, 2018. Material and Methods: This study included 349 subjects age ranged from 5 to 75 years. All ocular examinations for strabismus were performed, including cover test, prism cover test and Hess chart. Demographic features and etiologies were recorded, and the causes of extra ocular muscle palsies were grouped as; trauma, diabetes, hypertension and others. SPSS version 20.0 was used to analyze the data. Results: Frequency of neurogenic strabismus was found to be 6%. Out of 21 subjects, 8 (38.1%) subjects had diabetes, followed by 2 (9.5%) subjects with hypertension, 5 (23.8%) subjects with ocular trauma and 6 (28.6%) subjects with other causes. The most commonly affected side was the right eye seen in 13 (61.9%) subjects. The most common ocular motor nerve involved was abducent (sixth) nerve in 13 (61.9%) subjects, followed by oculomotor (third) nerve in 4 (19%) subjects. Out of the patients with third nerve palsy 3 (14.3%) subjects had pupil sparing and only 1 (4.8%) subject had no pupil sparing. Conclusion: Sixth nerve was the most common nerve involved and most common etiology was uncontrolled diabetes. Keywords: Neurogenic Strabismus, Cranial nerve palsies, Paralytic strabismus

Myopia being a public health problem, its management has become a major focus in contemporary optometry and ophthalmology, with interest in innovative approaches to slow myopia progression. Low-level red light therapy (RLRL) is one of recent non-invasive approaches to the myopic individuals exposed for certain period. This is a relatively recent approach, and the currently available evidence remains limited. This article provides a systematic insight into efficacy of red-light therapy in controlling myopia progression. Out of 173 results, a total of 20 studies with 16 Randomized controlled trials and 4 non-randomized control trials were included in this study after a thorough database search on PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for all the literature related to red light therapy. Selected articles were thoroughly reviewed and the data containing both axial length and spherical equivalent values were included from the studies for the analysis. Risk of bias assessment was also carried out independently for all the studies included. Results showed that in treatment with RLRL the total pooled mean difference of Axial Length (AL) change between treatment and control groups was -0.29mm (95% CI: -0.36 to -0.22) I2 = 98%; P<0.00001), and total pooled mean difference of Spherical Equivalent Refraction (SER) was 0.59D (95% CI: 0.49 to 0.69) I2 = 96%; P<0.0001). Random effect model was used because included studies were differed in sample size, protocols and methodologies, and high heterogeneity was noted in both RCT and Non-RCT studies. This review showed that low- level-red-light therapy can significantly reduce myopia progression however, long-term studies are required to determine whether the effects are sustained over time and whether rebound occurs after cessation.

Background: Dry eye disease (DED) and refractive errors are increasingly prevalent among young adults, particularly in populations with prolonged digital device use. However, the relationship between refractive error, axial length (AL), and dry eye parameters remains incompletely understood. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 114 young Saudi adults attending the optometry clinic of King Saud University. Participants underwent comprehensive ocular examination including refractive assessment, AL measurement, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), non-invasive tear breakup time (NI-TBUT) and tear breakup time (TBUT). Refractive error was classified into hyperopia and myopia, with further stratification by severity. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), while categorical variables are summarized as frequencies and percentages. One-way ANOVA was performed among refractive error groups, whereas the Kruskal–Wallis H test was used for dry eye severity. Pearson’s correlation, Spearman’s correlation, Bonferroni-adjusted post-hoc analysis, and linear regression analysis were performed, keeping the p-value < 0.05. The study got IRB approval and adhered to the tenets of the declaration of Helsinki. Results: The mean age of participants was 23.95 ± 3.73 years, with 64.9% females. Mean daily screen-time was 9.40 ± 2.93 h. Axial length demonstrated a weak positive correlation with OSDI scores; however, it did not reach statistical significance (r = 0.174, p = 0.065). Similarly, AL was not significantly correlated with TBUT (r = −0.134, p = 0.157) or NI-TBUT (r = −0.147, p = 0.120). In contrast, screen time showed significant correlations with the OSDI scores (r = 0.650, p < 0.001), TBUT (r = −0.585, p < 0.001), and NI-TBUT (r = −0.509, p < 0.001). Dry eye severity differed significantly across refractive error groups (Kruskal–Wallis H = 18.762, p = 0.002), showing higher refractive error associated with greater dry eye severity. Multivariable regression analyses demonstrated that greater screen time was significantly associated with higher OSDI scores and shorter TBUT and NI-TBUT, whereas spherical equivalent (SE) was not independently associated with any of these dry eye outcomes after adjusting for demographic variables. Additionally, greater screen time was significantly associated with composite dry eye severity (Spearman’s ρ = 0.639, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Prolonged digital screen exposure showed the most consistent association with greater dry eye severity, whereas refractive error and axial length were not independently associated with dry eye outcomes after adjustment for screen time and demographic factors. Although unadjusted differences exist across certain refractive subgroups, behavioral factors such as screen time may contribute to dry eyes. These findings support comprehensive dry eye evaluation in individuals with refractive error and prolonged digital device use.