The current soot oxidation catalyst scenario has been reviewed, the main factors that affect the activity of powder catalysts have been highlighted and kinetic soot oxidation models have been examined. A critical review of recent advances in modelling approaches has also been presented in this work. The multiscale nature of DPFs lends itself to a hierarchical organization of models, over various orders of magnitude. Different observation scales (e.g., wall, channel, entire filter) have often been addressed with separate modelling approaches that are rarely connected to one another, mainly because of computational difficulties. Nevertheless, DPFs exhibit an intrinsic multi-scale complexity that is reflected by a trade-off between fine and large-scale phenomena. Consequently, the catalytic behavior of DPFs usually results in a non-linear combination of multi-scale phenomen

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, which is a type of artificial photosynthesis, is a sustainable way of converting solar energy into chemical energy. The water oxidation half-reaction has always represented the bottleneck of this process because of the thermodynamic and kinetic challenges that are involved. Several materials have been explored and studied to address the issues pertaining to solar water oxidation. Significant advances have recently been made in the use of stable and relatively cheap metal oxides, i.e., semiconducting photocatalysts. The use of BiVO₄ for this purpose can be considered advantageous because this catalyst is able to absorb a substantial portion of the solar spectrum and has favourable conduction and valence band edge positions. However, BiVO₄ is also associated with poor electron mobility and slow water oxidation kinetics and these are the problems that are currently being investigated in the ongoing research in this field. This review focuses on the most recent advances in the best-performing BiVO₄-based photoanodes to date. It summarizes the critical parameters that contribute to the performance of these photoanodes, and highlights so far unresolved critical features related to the scale-up of a BiVO₄-based PEC water-splitting device.